华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) ›› 2020, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5): 117-126.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2020.05.007

• 基本理论与基本问题 • 上一篇    

“教科书”考释

吴小鸥   

  1. 宁波大学教师教育学院, 浙江宁波 315211
  • 发布日期:2020-05-15
  • 基金资助:
    国家社会科学基金教育学一般课题“百年中国教科书中的国民性建构研究”(BOA170039)

Textual Research and Explanation of “Textbook”

Wu Xiao'ou   

  1. College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Ningbo 315211
  • Published:2020-05-15

摘要: 1866年,德国传教士罗存德在《英华字典》中首次将“text-book”引入中国,但未对译为“教科书”。汉语“教科书”一词出现在日本明治维新时期,1887年由黄遵宪在《日本国志》传入中国。1896年,康有为在《日本书目志》中列有教科书59种。1899年,南洋公学师范生白作霖撰《编译教科书的意见》,倡议译日本教科书并修改之。20世纪初,罗振玉、夏偕复、严复、张之洞等人专题探讨教科书制度及其实施,坊间教科书系列出版,1904年教科书审定制确立。“教科书”一词在中国流行是文化进步的标志,彰显了现代教育的价值诉求与生长空间。“教”突出教授方法、次序、容量,“科”强调知识分类、体系、编排,“书”明确编撰体例、规范、版权。“教科书”作为概念工具与思想资源,以其字义决定内质的逻辑关联,为现代教育设定了明确边界、框架、规范,也为中国社会奠下全新的“文化基层建构”,成为现代中国启蒙的关键词。

关键词: 教科书, 现代教育, 日本, 中国

Abstract: In 1866, ‘text-book’ was first introduced into China in the English and Chinese Dictionary edited by a German missionary Wilhelm Lobscheid, but it was not translated to ‘Jiaokeshu’. The Chinese word ‘Jiaokeshu’ appeared in the Meiji Restoration period of Japan and was introduced to China by Huang Zunxian in the Annals of Japan in 1887. In 1896, Kang Youwei listed 59 textbooks in the Bibliography of Japan. In 1899, Bai Zuolin, a normal university student of Nanyang Mission College, wrote an article named Advice on Compiling Textbooks. At the beginning of the 20th century, textbooks became the major concern of China’s educational reform. Luo Zhenyu, Xia Xiefu, Yan Fu, Zhang Zhidong, and others held a special discussion on textbook system and its implementation. A series of folk textbooks were published. In 1904, a textbook review and approval system was established. The popularity of the word ‘Jiaokeshu’ in China is a sign of cultural progress, which highlights the value and growing space of modern education. ‘Jiao’ emphasizes the method, order and volumn of teaching, ‘Ke’ stresses the classification, system and arrangement of knowledge, and ‘Shu’ clarifies the style, norms and copyright of compilation. ‘Jiaokeshu’, as a conceptual tool and ideological resource, determines the logical relation of the essence by its literal meaning. It sets a clear boundary, norm and framework for modern education. It has also laid down a new ‘cultural infrastructure’ for Chinese society and become the keyword of modern China’s enlightenment.

Key words: textbook, modern education, Japan, China