华东师范大学学报(教育科学版)

华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) ›› 2021, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (6): 99-111.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.06.009

• 高考改革 • 上一篇    下一篇

高考命题：全国统一还是分省自主？——从县、市高中学生精英大学入学机会差异的视角

张首登, 郭丛斌   

  1. 北京大学教育学院/教育经济研究所，北京 100871
  • 出版日期:2021-06-20 发布日期:2021-05-31
  • 基金资助:
    2020年度国家自然科学基金面上项目“乡村振兴背景下县级高中教育质量研究：评价体系、影响因素和提升策略”（72074012）

Paper-setting of China’s College Entrance Examination: National or Provincial? Study on County-and Municipal-level Senior High School Students’ Fair Opportunities to Be Admitted into Elite Universities

Shoudeng Zhang, Congbin Guo   

  1. Graduate School of Education/Institute of Economics of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • Online:2021-06-20 Published:2021-05-31

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摘要：

县级高中为我国占总人口近一半的县级及以下人口提供受教育机会，是他们实现社会流动的重要阶梯。高考的全国统一命题与分省自主命题，对县级高中学生的精英大学入学机会有直接影响。利用2000—2018年国内顶尖高校 A 大学的本科生数据，使用双向固定效应模型对高考命题方式的两次改革研究发现，在第一次“由统入分”改革中，分省自主命题显著降低了县级高中学生的精英大学入学机会，但同时也提高了入学机会分布的均衡程度；在第二次“由分入统”改革中，两种命题方式没有显著差异，现行全国卷分地区使用不同卷的形式保障了入学机会的均衡分布，实现了适应各省份教育水平差异的功能，同时贫困地区专项计划的实施提高了县级高中学生的精英大学入学机会。因此，当前全国统一命题下的分地区不同卷形式与面向贫困地区的定向招生计划的结合，可从多维度保障教育机会公平。

关键词: 高考, 分省自主命题, 精英大学, 县级高中

Abstract:

County-level senior high schools provide education opportunities for people living in counties or lower administrative level, which accounts for nearly half of the total population in China. The paper-setting of the college entrance examination (CEE) has a direct impact on the opportunities for county-level senior high school students to enter elite universities. This study, based on data from elite university A’s undergraduate students from 2000 to 2018, used a two-way fixed-effect model to probe into the two reforms of paper-setting of the CEE and found that in the reform of “From National to Provincial”, provincial autonomous paper-setting significantly reduced the opportunities for county-level senior high school students to enter elite universities, while it also made the distribution of admission opportunities more balanced across high schools. In the reform of “From Provincial to National”, the two methods had no significant difference. The current form of national paper-setting with sub-versions ensured a balanced distribution of admission opportunities and successfully adapted to the different education levels among different regions. Meanwhile, the implementation of targeted enrollment plan in poor areas improved the admission opportunities of elite universities for county-level high school students. Therefore, the combination of the new form of national unified paper-setting of CEE and the targeted enrollment plan in poverty-stricken areas can guarantee the equality of educational opportunities from multiple dimensions.

Key words: college entrance examination, provincial autonomous paper-setting, elite university, county-level senior high school