华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) ›› 2016, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (4): 52-65.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2016.04.008

• 调查报告 • 上一篇    下一篇

我国一流大学的入学机会及其地区差异:2008-2015

曹妍;张瑞娟   

  1. 华东师范大学教育学部,上海 200062
  • 出版日期:2016-10-20 发布日期:2016-11-22
  • 通讯作者: 曹妍;张瑞娟
  • 作者简介:曹妍;张瑞娟
  • 基金资助:

    华东师范大学教育学高峰学科建设项目“教育公平指数:高等教育入学机会指数的构建”

Access to Top Universities and its Regional Disparity:2008-2015

CAO Yan;ZHANG Ruijuan   

  1. Institution of Higher Education, Faculty of Education, ECNU, Shanghai 200062, China
  • Online:2016-10-20 Published:2016-11-22
  • Contact: CAO Yan;ZHANG Ruijuan
  • About author:CAO Yan;ZHANG Ruijuan

摘要:

近来,各地区一流大学招生公平性问题引起了社会各界的关注。本研究运用主成分分析的方法构建了一流大学入学机会指数,并对2008年至2015年间31个省市地区一流大学的相关数据进行实证研究。研究发现:我国一流大学总体的入学机会有所提高;西部地区获得了较多的招生名额,但由于当地高考报名人数的增加,入学机会的实际增长幅度并不大;此外,受到各地区适龄人口数和高考报名人数差异扩大的影响,地区间入学机会的差异呈现出逐年扩大的趋势。研究进一步采用固定效应模型对入学机会的影响因素进行回归分析。结果表明,目前招生名额的调整对入学机会的改善贡献较弱,而经济发展的变化成为入学机会提高的重要原因,进而导致地区差异的进一步扩大。

关键词: 高等教育入学机会, 机会公平, 地区差异, 一流大学

Abstract:

In recent years, access to top universities and its regional disparity have become a major concern. With government initiatives launched to improve the quality of higher education through building world class universities, the research focus is shifting from access to higher education to access to high quality top universities. This paper first defines the criteria for top universities in China. According to three Chinese universities rankings and four international universities rankings from 2011 to 2015, 34 Chinese universities are regarded as top universities in China. In addition, considering several factors in the enrollment procedures in college entrance examinations, this paper employs the Principle Component Analysis method to construct the index of the access to top universities. Based on province level descriptive statistics analysis of the access index from both longitudinal trends and horizontal regional differences, three empirical results were produced. First, the access to the 34 top universities has been increasing year by year at a moderate race, i.e. by about 4.57%. It is true that an increasing quota has been allocated to west China. However, as more and more students from west China participate in the college entrance examination, the increased access to top universities was attenuated. Therefore, the effectiveness of quota policy on bridging the regional gap is relatively weak. Moreover, as the relevant compensatory policies target some provinces in the middle and western area, provinces in other area, like Guangdong, Hainan, Chongqing and Sichuan, have less support from the central government. Compared with the increasing number of students entering for the college entrance exam, the access to top universities in these provinces is decreasing. Secondly, while in 2015 the regional disparity was reduced, it has been greater in the other years. The phenomenon is most obvious in east China, where the widening gaps in school age population, the number of examinees and enrollment quotas have aggravated the regional disparity. In terms of the access to top universities throughout the years, cities like Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin have their comparative advantages, while in some other provinces like Guangdong and Hainan, the access is reducing. Finally, using a fixed effect model, this paper continues to explore the factors that might influence the access index. Results show that, when controlling provincial endowment, though quota reallocation policy may have significant positive effect on the access to the top universities, it contributes little to reducing the access inequality in different provinces. Rather, the economic development becomes the key factor in explaining the variance of access. Therefore, with the widening inequality of the economic development in different provinces, the inequality of opportunity might be greater as well.

Key words: access to higher education, inequality at regional level; equality of opportunity; top universities