教育强国

认知技能分布对国民经济增长的影响:教育强国的新证据

  • 黄斌 ,
  • 云如先 ,
  • 吴凯霖
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  • 南京大学教育研究院,南京 210023

录用日期: 2024-05-09

  网络出版日期: 2024-08-24

基金资助

2024年国家社科教育重大课题“教育推动人口红利向人才红利转变的关键路径研究”(VGA240001)。

Impact of Cognitive Skills Distribution on National Economic Growth: New Empirical Evidence from the Building of a Powerful Country in Education

  • Bin Huang ,
  • Ruxian Yun ,
  • Kailin Wu
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  • Institute of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

Accepted date: 2024-05-09

  Online published: 2024-08-24

摘要

教育强国建设亟须探索教育人力资本与经济增长关系的新证据。以往研究对一国教育人力资本的测量大都采用人口平均受教育年限指标,近年来越来越多的学者认为测量国家教育人力资本应采用学生认知技能均值。然而,均值只能刻画分布所在位置,不能反映不同国家人口认知技能分布差异的全貌,并且学生与成人的认知技能分布很可能存在较大不同。本文构建了73个国家和地区学生与成人认知技能可比数据库(2000—2020年),同时采用技能分布的均值、变异系数与偏态三种指标分别反映教育人力资本的整体水平、差异状况及偏态结构,并就这三者对国民经济增长的影响进行实证分析。研究发现认知技能偏态结构是2000年以来推动经济增长的主要动力,成人认知技能分布越左偏,高认知技能者占比越高,其经济增速就越快,并且伴随经济发展,技能左偏对经济增长的促进作用还在不断增大。提升高等教育质量和实施移民政策有助于提升高技能者占比,使得成人技能分布发生左偏改变,而扩张高等教育规模不具有显著影响。教育强国建设应以“基础教育补差,高等教育提优”为基本路径,构建以人的技能发展为核心的增值型教育质量评价体系,坚持高等教育对外开放,降低国际优秀人才的流入门槛,引进国际一流教育资源。

本文引用格式

黄斌 , 云如先 , 吴凯霖 . 认知技能分布对国民经济增长的影响:教育强国的新证据[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2024 , 42(9) : 13 -32 . DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2024.09.002

Abstract

The building of a powerful country in education urgently requires exploration of new evidence regarding the relationship between educational human capital and economic growth. Previous studies on measuring a country’s educational human capital dominantly employed indicators such as the mean years of schooling attained by the population. However, an increasing number of scholars argue that measuring a country’s educational human capital should utilize the mean cognitive skills of students. Nevertheless, means can only depict the location of the distribution but cannot reflect the overall differences in the distribution of cognitive skills among populations of different countries. Additionally, there may be significant differences in the distribution of cognitive skills between students and adults in various countries. This study constructs a database of adult cognitive skills for 73 countries and regions from 2000 to 2020. By using three indicators of skill distribution, i.e. the mean, coefficient of variation, and skewness, to respectively reflect the overall level, disparity, and skewness structure of a country’s educational human capital, we empirically analyze the impact of these three indicators on national economic growth. We find that the skewness structure of human capital distribution has been a major driving force behind economic growth in various countries since 2000. The more left-skewed the distribution of adult cognitive skills in a country, indicating a higher proportion of highly skilled individuals, the faster its average economic growth rate in the long term. Moreover, with economic development, the promoting effect of left-skewness on economic growth continues to increase. Improving the quality of higher education and implementing immigration policies contribute to increasing the proportion of highly skilled individuals, leading to a left-skewness shift in the distribution of adult skills, while expanding the scale of higher education does not have a significant impact. The building of a powerful country in education should follow the basic path of “closing the gap in basic education and enhancing the quality of higher education,” establishing a value-added evaluation system centered on human skill development, adhering to the openness of higher education to the world, lowering the threshold for the influx of international talents, and introducing top-notch international educational resources.

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