Psychological Views on Cultivating Students’ Creativity: Goals, Principles, and Strategies

  • Weiguo Pang
Expand
  • School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

Accepted date: 2022-07-22

  Online published: 2022-10-27

Abstract

Creativity is a multifaceted concept which involves creative potentials, creative achievements, creative talents, and many other facets. Basically, creativity can be divided into four types, namely mini-creativity, little creativity, professional creativity, and big creativity. In school context, creativity cultivation should focus on students’ creative potentials, highlight the roles of creative cognition, metacognition, personality, motivation, and domain-specific knowledge. As creativity usually develops from general domains to specific domains, and autonomy and idea generation are the key components of creative processes, school education which aims to cultivate each student’s creativity in everyday classroom activities should encourage students’ autonomy, employ generative tasks, and stimulate creative thinking in specific contexts. To effectively develop students’ creativity, a series of strategies should be employed, which include creating supportive climates, using generative activities, modeling and rewarding creativity, training creative metacognition, setting creativity as separate goals, and providing feedback on creative performance.

Cite this article

Weiguo Pang . Psychological Views on Cultivating Students’ Creativity: Goals, Principles, and Strategies[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2022 , 40(11) : 25 -40 . DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2022.11.003

References

null 教育部考试中心.(2019). 中国高考评价体系. 人民教育出版社.
null 陶行知.(1943). 创造宣言. 新华日报(重庆), 1943年11月25日.
null 刘文令.(2018). 语文教师对作文创造性的评价: 现状及影响因素. 华东师范大学2018届博士学位论文.
null 庞维国 课堂中的创新学习: 生成论的视角 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) 2009 27 4 42 51 庞维国. (2009). 课堂中的创新学习: 生成论的视角. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),27(4),42—51.
null 庞维国, 韩建涛, 徐晓波, 林崇德 “要有创造性” 指导语效应及其对创造性教学的启示 心理与行为研究 2016 14 5 701 708 庞维国, 韩建涛, 徐晓波, 林崇德. (2016). “要有创造性” 指导语效应及其对创造性教学的启示. 心理与行为研究,14(5),701—708.
null Amabile, T. M Children’s artistic creativity: Detrimental effects of competition in a field setting Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1982 8 3 573 578 Amabile, T. M. (1982). Children’s artistic creativity: Detrimental effects of competition in a field setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(3), 573—578.
null Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity and innovation in organizations (HBS Note 9–396-239). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School.
null Amabile, T. M., & Pratt, M. G The dynamic componential model of creativity and innovation in organizations: Making progress, making meaning Research in Organizational Behavior 2016 36 157 183 Amabile, T. M., & Pratt, M. G. (2016). The dynamic componential model of creativity and innovation in organizations: Making progress, making meaning. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 157—183.
null Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds. ). (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. New York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman.
null Baer, J Creativity doesn’t develop in a vacuum New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2016 151 9 20 Baer, J. (2016). Creativity doesn’t develop in a vacuum. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 151, 9—20.
null Baer, J., & Kaufman, J. C Bridging generality and specificity: The amusement park theoretical (APT) model of creativity Roeper Review 2005 27 158 163 Baer, J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2005). Bridging generality and specificity: The amusement park theoretical (APT) model of creativity. Roeper Review, 27, 158—163.
null Barbot, B., Besan?on, M., & Lubart, T Creative potential in educational settings: Its nature, measure, and nurture Education 2015 43 371 381 Barbot, B., Besan?on, M., & Lubart, T. (2015). Creative potential in educational settings: Its nature, measure, and nurture. Education, 43, 371—381.
null Beghetto, R. A Creative self-efficacy: Correlates in middle and secondary students Creativity Research Journal 2006 18 447 457 Beghetto, R. A. (2006). Creative self-efficacy: Correlates in middle and secondary students. Creativity Research Journal, 18, 447—457.
null Beghetto, R. A. (2019). Creativity in classrooms. In J. C. Kaufman, & R. J. Sternberg (2nd ed.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 587–606). New York: Cambridge University Press.
null Beghetto, R. A. (2021). There is no creativity without uncertainty: Dubito Ergo Creo. Journal of Creativity, 31, Article 100005.
null Beghetto, R. A., & Karwowski, M. (2017). Toward untangling creative self-beliefs. In M. Karwowski, & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), The creative self: Effect of beliefs, self-efficacy, mindset, and identity (pp. 4–19). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
null Beghetto, R. A. , Karwowski, M. , & Reiter-Palmon, R. Intellectual risk taking: A moderating link between creative confidence and creative behavior? Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2021 15 4 637 644 Beghetto, R. A. , Karwowski, M. , & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2021). Intellectual risk taking: A moderating link between creative confidence and creative behavior?. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 15(4), 637—644.
null Beghetto, R. A. , & Kaufman, J. C. Toward a broader conception of creativity: A case for “mini-c” creativity Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2007 1 73 79 Beghetto, R. A. , & Kaufman, J. C. (2007). Toward a broader conception of creativity: A case for “mini-c” creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1, 73—79.
null Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C Classroom contexts for creativity High Ability Studies 2014 25 53 69 Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2014). Classroom contexts for creativity. High Ability Studies, 25, 53—69.
null Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (Eds). (2017). Nurturing creativity in the classroom. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
null Berliner, D. C. (2011). Narrowing curriculum, assessments, and conceptions of what it means to be smart in the U. S. schools: Creaticide by design. In D. Ambrose & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), How dogmatic beliefs harm creativity and higher-level thinking (pp. 79–93). New York, NY: Routledge.
null Besan?on, M., Lubart, T., & Barbot, B Creative giftedness and educational opportunities Educational and Child Psychology 2013 30 2 79 88 Besan?on, M., Lubart, T., & Barbot, B. (2013). Creative giftedness and educational opportunities. Educational and Child Psychology, 30(2), 79—88.
null Bronson, P. O., & Merryman, A. (2010, July 19). The creativity crisis. Newsweek, 44–50. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/creativity-crisis-74665
null Carson, S. H., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the creative achievement questionnaire Creativity Research Journal 2005 17 37 50 Carson, S. H., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2005). Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the creative achievement questionnaire. Creativity Research Journal, 17, 37—50.
null Clapham, M. M Ideational skills training: A key element in creativity training programs Creativity Research Journal 1997 10 1 33 44 Clapham, M. M. (1997). Ideational skills training: A key element in creativity training programs. Creativity Research Journal, 10(1), 33—44.
null Cho, Y., Chung, K. Y., Choi, K., Seo, C., & Baek, E The emergence of student creativity in classroom settings: A case study of elementary schools in Korea Journal of Creative Behavior 2013 47 152 169 Cho, Y., Chung, K. Y., Choi, K., Seo, C., & Baek, E. (2013). The emergence of student creativity in classroom settings: A case study of elementary schools in Korea. Journal of Creative Behavior, 47, 152—169.
null Craft, A. (2007). Possibility thinking in the early years and primary classroom. In A. G. Tan (Ed.), Creativity: A handbook for teachers (pp. 231–249). World Scientific.
null Craft, A., McConnon, L., & Matthews, A Child-initiated play and professional creativity: Enabling four-year-olds’ possibility thinking Thinking Skills and Creativity 2012 7 1 48 61 Craft, A., McConnon, L., & Matthews, A. (2012). Child-initiated play and professional creativity: Enabling four-year-olds’ possibility thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 7(1), 48—61.
null Cropley, A. J., & Cropley, D. H. (2009). Fostering Creativity: A diagnostic approach for higher education and organizations. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
null Cropley, D. H., Cropley, A. J., Kaufman, J. C., & Runco, M. A. (2010). (Eds.). The dark side of creativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
null Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
null Davies, D., Jindal-Snape, D., Collier, C., Digby, R., Hay, P., & Howe, A Creative learning environments in education: A systematic literature review Thinking Skills and Creativity 2013 8 80 91 Davies, D., Jindal-Snape, D., Collier, C., Digby, R., Hay, P., & Howe, A. (2013). Creative learning environments in education: A systematic literature review. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 8, 80—91.
null De Bono, E. (1991). Lateral and vertical thinking. In J. Henry (Eds. ), Creative management (pp. 16?23). London: Sage.
null Eisenberger, R. , & Byron, K. (2011). Rewards and creativity. In M. A. Runco, & S. R. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Creativity (2nd ed. , Vol. 2, pp. 313?318). San Diego: Academic Press.
null Feist, G. J. (2019). The function of personality in creativity: Updates on the creative personality. In J. C. Kaufman, & R. J. Sternberg (2nd ed.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 353–373). New York: Cambridge University Press.
null Finke, R. A., Ward, T. M., & Smith, S. M. (1992). Creative cognition: Theory, research, and applications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
null Gajda, A., Karwowski, M., & Beghetto, R. A Creativity and academic achievement: A meta-analysis Journal of Educational Psychology 2017 109 269 299 Gajda, A., Karwowski, M., & Beghetto, R. A. (2017). Creativity and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109, 269—299.
null Glaveanu, V. P Rewriting the language of creativity: The five A’s framework Review of General Psychology 2013 17 69 81 Glaveanu, V. P. (2013). Rewriting the language of creativity: The five A’s framework. Review of General Psychology, 17, 69—81.
null Glaveanu, V. P., & Beghetto, R. A. (2016). The difference that makes a “creative” difference in education. In R. A. Beghetto & B. Sriraman (Eds.), Creative contradictions in education: Cross-disciplinary paradoxes and perspectives (pp. 37–54). Switzerland: Springer.
null Guilford, J. P Some misconceptions regarding measurement of creative talents The Journal of Creative Behavior 1971 5 77 87 Guilford, J. P. (1971). Some misconceptions regarding measurement of creative talents. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 5, 77—87.
null Guo, J., Tong, Y. & Pang, W Teachers’ perceptions of students’ creativity in China’s classrooms: The role of students’ academic achievement and misbehaviors The Journal of Creative Behavior 2020 55 1 228 240 Guo, J., Tong, Y. & Pang, W. (2020). Teachers’ perceptions of students’ creativity in China’s classrooms: The role of students’ academic achievement and misbehaviors. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 55(1), 228—240.
null Harrington, D. M Effects of explicit instructions to “be creative” on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking test scores Journal of Personality 1975 43 3 434 454 Harrington, D. M. (1975). Effects of explicit instructions to “be creative” on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking test scores. Journal of Personality, 43(3), 434—454.
null Hattie, J., & Timperley, H The power of feedback Review of Educational Research 2007 77 81 112 Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77, 81—112.
null Hennessey, B. A. (2019). Motivation and creativity. In J. C. Kaufman, & R. J. Sternberg (2nd ed.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 374–395). New York: Cambridge University Press.
null Hunter, S. T., Walters, K., Nguyen, T., Manning, C., & Miller, S Malevolent creativity and malevolent innovation: A critical but tenuous linkage Creativity Research Journal 2021 1 22 Hunter, S. T., Walters, K., Nguyen, T., Manning, C., & Miller, S. (2021). Malevolent creativity and malevolent innovation: A critical but tenuous linkage. Creativity Research Journal, 1—22.
null IBM 2010 Global CEO Study. (2010). Creativity selected as most crucial factor for future success. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/31670.wss.
null Ivcevic, Z., & Nusbaum, E. C. (2017). From having an idea to doing something with it: Self-regulation for creativity. In M. Karwowski & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), The creative self: How our beliefs, self-efficacy, mindset, and identity impact our creativity (pp. 343?365). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
null James, K., Clark, K., & Cropanzano, R Positive and negative creativity in groups, institutions, and organizations: A model and theoretical extension Creativity Research Journal 1999 12 3 211 226 James, K., Clark, K., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). Positive and negative creativity in groups, institutions, and organizations: A model and theoretical extension. Creativity Research Journal, 12(3), 211—226.
null Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2015). Measuring creative imagery abilities. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 1591.
null Karwowski, M The dynamics of creative self-concept: Changes and reciprocal relations between creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity Creativity Research Journal 2016 28 99 104 Karwowski, M. (2016). The dynamics of creative self-concept: Changes and reciprocal relations between creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity. Creativity Research Journal, 28, 99—104.
null Karwowski, M., & Beghetto, R. A. Creative behavior as agentic action Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2019 13 4 402 415 Karwowski, M., & Beghetto, R. A. (2019). Creative behavior as agentic action. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 13(4), 402—415.
null Kaufman, J. C. & Beghtto, R. A Beyond big and little: The four C model of creativity Review of General Psychology 2009 13 1 12 Kaufman, J. C. & Beghtto, R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: The four C model of creativity. Review of General Psychology, 13, 1—12.
null Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A In praise of Clark Kent: Creative metacognition and the importance of teaching kids when (not) to be creative Roeper Review 2013 35 155 165 Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2013). In praise of Clark Kent: Creative metacognition and the importance of teaching kids when (not) to be creative. Roeper Review, 35, 155—165.
null Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A., & Roberts, A. M. (2022). Creativity in the schools: Creativity models and new directions. In K. A. Allen, M. Furlong, D. Vella-Brodrick, & S. Suldo (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in schools (3rd Ed): In support of positive educational processes (pp. 335?346). New York: Routledge.
null Kaufman, J. C., & Glaveanu, V. P. (2019). A review of creativity theories. In J. C. Kaufman, & R. J. Sternberg (2nd ed.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 27–43). New York: Cambridge University Press.
null Krathwohl, D. R A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy: An overview Theory into Practice 2002 41 4 212 218 Krathwohl, D. R. (2002). A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41(4), 212—218.
null Lo, C. K Grounding the flipped classroom approach in the foundations of educational technology Educational Technology Research and Development 2018 66 793 811 Lo, C. K. (2018). Grounding the flipped classroom approach in the foundations of educational technology. Educational Technology Research and Development, 66, 793—811.
null Liu, G., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Lee, C., Wang, Y. & Brownell, M Autonomous motivation and Chinese adolescents’ creative thinking: The doderating role of parental involvement Creativity Research Journal 2013 25 4 446 456 Liu, G., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Lee, C., Wang, Y. & Brownell, M. (2013). Autonomous motivation and Chinese adolescents’ creative thinking: The doderating role of parental involvement. Creativity Research Journal, 25(4), 446—456.
null Lubart, T., Zenasni, F., & Barbot, B Creative potential and its measurement International Journal for Talent Development and Creativity 2013 1 41 50 Lubart, T., Zenasni, F., & Barbot, B. (2013). Creative potential and its measurement. International Journal for Talent Development and Creativity, 1, 41—50.
null Mobley, M. I., Doares, L. M., & Mumford, M. D Process analytic models of creative capacities: Evidence for the combination and reorganization processes Creativity Research Journal 1992 5 2 125 155 Mobley, M. I., Doares, L. M., & Mumford, M. D. (1992). Process analytic models of creative capacities: Evidence for the combination and reorganization processes. Creativity Research Journal, 5(2), 125—155.
null Moore, B., & Stanly, T. (2010). Critical thinking and formative assessments. Larchmount, New York: Eye on Education, Inc.
null Mumford, M. D., Mobley, M. I., Reiter-Palmon, R., Uhlman, C. E., & Doares, L. M Process analytic models of creative capacities Creativity Research Journal 1991 4 2 91 122 Mumford, M. D., Mobley, M. I., Reiter-Palmon, R., Uhlman, C. E., & Doares, L. M. (1991). Process analytic models of creative capacities. Creativity Research Journal, 4(2), 91—122.
null Mumford, M. D., Medeiros, K. E., & Partlow, P. J Creative thinking: Processes, strategies, and knowledge The Journal of Creative Behavior 2012 46 1 30 47 Mumford, M. D., Medeiros, K. E., & Partlow, P. J. (2012). Creative thinking: Processes, strategies, and knowledge. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 46(1), 30—47.
null Niu, W., & Zhou, Z. (2010). Creativity in mathematics teaching: A Chinese perspective. In R. A. Beghetto and J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), Creativity in the classroom (pp. 270–288). New York: Cambridge University Press.
null OECD. (2014). PISA 2012 Results: Creative problem solving: Students’ skills in tackling real-life problems (Vol. V), PISA, OECD publishing. Retrieved from http://dx. doi.org/10.1787/9789264208070-en
null OECD. (2019). PISA 2021 creative thinking framework (third draft). https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA-2021-creative-thinking-framework.pdf
null Okada, T., & Ishibashi, K Imitation, inspiration, and creation: Cognitive process of creative drawing by copying others’ artworks Cognitive Science 2016 41 7 1804 1837 Okada, T., & Ishibashi, K. (2016). Imitation, inspiration, and creation: Cognitive process of creative drawing by copying others’ artworks. Cognitive Science, 41(7), 1804—1837.
null Pang, W. Promoting creativity in the classroom: A generative view Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2015 9 2 122 127 Pang, W. (2015). Promoting creativity in the classroom: A generative view. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9(2), 122—127.
null Pang, W., & Plucker, J. A Recent transformations in China’s economic, social, and education policies for promoting innovation and creativity The Journal of Creative Behavior 2012 46 247 273 Pang, W., & Plucker, J. A. (2012). Recent transformations in China’s economic, social, and education policies for promoting innovation and creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 46, 247—273.
null Partnership for 21st Century Schools (P21). (2019). Framework for 21st century learning. Retrieved from: https://static.battelleforkids.org/documents/p21/P21_Framework_Brief.pdf on April 11, 2022.
null Plucker, J. A Is the proof in the pudding? Re-analyses of Torrance’s (1958 to present) longitudinal data Creativity Research Journal 1999 12 103 114 Plucker, J. A. (1999). Is the proof in the pudding? Re-analyses of Torrance’s (1958 to present) longitudinal data. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 103—114.
null Plucker, J. A. , Beghetto, R. A. , & Dow, G. T. Why isn’t creativity more important to educational psychologists? Educational Psychologist 2004 39 83 96 Plucker, J. A. , Beghetto, R. A. , & Dow, G. T. (2004). Why isn’t creativity more important to educational psychologists?. Educational Psychologist, 39, 83—96.
null Puozzo, I. C., & Audrin, C. (2021). Improving self-efficacy and creative self-efficacy to foster creativity and learning in schools. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 42, Article 100966.
null Rhodes, M An analysis of creativity Phi Delta Kappan 1961 42 305 310 Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. Phi Delta Kappan, 42, 305—310.
null Richards, R Everyday creativity, eminent creativity, and health: Afterview for CRJ issues on creativity and health Creativity Research Journal 1990 3 300 326 Richards, R. (1990). Everyday creativity, eminent creativity, and health: Afterview for CRJ issues on creativity and health. Creativity Research Journal, 3, 300—326.
null Robinson, K. (2006, February). How schools kill creativity. (Video). Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity
null Runco, M. A Education for creative potential Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 2003a 47 317 324 Runco, M. A. (2003a). Education for creative potential. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 47, 317—324.
null Runco, M. A. (2003b). Idea evaluation, divergent thinking, and creativity. In M. A. Runco (Ed.), Critical creative processes (pp. 69–94). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
null Runco, M. A. (2014). Creativity. Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice (2nd ed.). Waltham, MA: Elsevier.
null Runco, M. A., & Acar, S Divergent thinking as an indicator of creative potential Creativity Research Journal 2012 24 1 1 10 Runco, M. A., & Acar, S. (2012). Divergent thinking as an indicator of creative potential. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 1—10.
null Runco, M. A., & Chand, I Cognition and creativity Educational Psychology Review 1995 7 243 267 Runco, M. A., & Chand, I. (1995). Cognition and creativity. Educational Psychology Review, 7, 243—267.
null Runco, M. A., & Jaeger, G. J The standard definition of creativity Creativity Research Journal 2012 24 1 92 96 Runco, M. A., & Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 92—96.
null Runco, M. A., Shepard, A. , & Tadik, H. (2022). How much creative potential is expressed at work? Journal of Creativity, 32, Article 100016.
null Sawyer, R. K. (2017). Group genius: The creative power of collaboration. New York, NY: Basic Books.
null Simonton, D. K Taking the US Patent Office creativity criteria seriously: A quantitative three-criterion definition and its implications Creativity Research Journal 2012 24 2-3 97 106 Simonton, D. K. (2012). Taking the US Patent Office creativity criteria seriously: A quantitative three-criterion definition and its implications. Creativity Research Journal, 24(2-3), 97—106.
null Starko, A. J. (2010). Creativity in the classroom: Schools of curious delight (4th ed.). New York Routledge.
null Sternberg, R. J The nature of creativity Creativity Research Journal 2006 18 1 87 98 Sternberg, R. J. (2006). The nature of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 18(1), 87—98.
null Sternberg, R. J. Teaching for creativity: The sounds of silence Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2015 9 2 115 117 Sternberg, R. J. (2015). Teaching for creativity: The sounds of silence. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9(2), 115—117.
null Sternberg, R. J. A triangular theory of creativity Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2018 12 1 50 67 Sternberg, R. J. (2018). A triangular theory of creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 12(1), 50—67.
null Sternberg, R. J. (2019). Enhancing people’s creativity. In J. C. Kaufman, & R. J. Sternberg (2nd ed.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 88–103). New York: Cambridge University Press.
null Sternberg, R. J., & Horvath, J. A A prototype of view of expert teaching Educational Researcher 1995 24 6 9 17 Sternberg, R. J., & Horvath, J. A. (1995). A prototype of view of expert teaching. Educational Researcher, 24(6), 9—17.
null Sternberg, R. J. , & Lubart, T. I. (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 3?15). New York: Cambridge University Press.
null Sternberg, R. J., & Williams, W. M. (1996). How to develop student creativity. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
null Urban, K. K. (1995). Creativity: A component approach model. A paper presented at the 11th World Conference on the Education for the Gifted and Talented. Hong Kong: July 31–August 4, 1995.
null Wallace, G. (1926). The art of thought. London, UK: Jonathan Cape.
null Ward, T. B Creative cognition as a window on creativity Methods 2007 42 28 37 Ward, T. B. (2007). Creative cognition as a window on creativity. Methods, 42, 28—37.
null Weisberg, R. W. (2006). Modes of expertise in creative thinking: Evidence from case studies. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 761–787). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
null Yi, X., Plucker, J. A. & Guo, J Modeling influences on divergent thinking and artistic creativity Thinking Skills and Creativity 2015 16 62 68 Yi, X., Plucker, J. A. & Guo, J. (2015). Modeling influences on divergent thinking and artistic creativity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 16, 62—68.
Outlines

/