Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences) ›› 2021, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (2): 100-114.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.02.009
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Zhening Xu
Online:
2021-02-20
Published:
2021-02-07
Zhening Xu. The Effect of School Entrance Age on School Performance of Children and Adolescents in Compulsory Education[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2021, 39(2): 100-114.
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变量 | 定义/赋值 | 平均值 | 标准差 |
1. 入学年龄 | 根据文中公式计算所得的小学一年级入学时的年龄。 | 6.46 | 0.30 |
秋季生组 | 出生于9、10、11月的儿童。 | 6.83 | 0.07 |
冬季生组 | 出生于12、1、2月的儿童。 | 6.58 | 0.07 |
春季生组 | 出生于3、4、5月的儿童。 | 6.34 | 0.07 |
夏季生组 | 出生于6、7、8月的儿童。 | 6.07 | 0.07 |
2. 学校表现 | |||
学习成绩 | |||
班级排名 | 1=最后五名;2=中下;3=中等;4=中上;5=前五名 | 3.49 | 0.96 |
学习困难 | 语、数、外等三门功课学习困难的均值。 | 2.32 | 0.68 |
语文学习困难 | 1=从不;2=很少;3=有时;4=经常 | 2.44 | 0.86 |
英语学习困难 | 1=从不;2=很少;3=有时;4=经常 | 2.24 | 0.95 |
数学学习困难 | 1=从不;2=很少;3=有时;4=经常 | 2.29 | 0.94 |
同伴关系 | |||
朋友/玩伴数量 | 1=1个也没有;2=1个;3=几个;4=十个以上 | 3.50 | 0.63 |
同伴交往消极经历 | 被同学取笑和忽视的程度。 | 1.71 | 0.79 |
被同学取笑 | 1=从不;2=很少;3=有时;4=经常 | 1.78 | 0.90 |
被同学忽视 | 1=从不;2=很少;3=有时;4=经常 | 1.64 | 0.88 |
师生关系 | |||
积极体验 | 被老师喜欢的程度。1=没有;……6=非常喜欢 | 3.86 | 1.68 |
消极体验 | 被老师羞辱的程度。1=没有;……6=极重 | 1.48 | 0.89 |
3. 个人特征 | |||
性别 | 0=女;1=男 | 0.47 | 0.50 |
学段 | 0=小学;1=初中 | 0.36 | 0.48 |
健康状况 | 最近半年有无生病。1=没有;……6=极重 | 1.72 | 1.13 |
4. 家庭资源 | |||
家庭收入、父亲学历和母亲学历等三项综合评定。 | 2.01 | 0.82 | |
家庭收入 | 1=低收入(5000元及以下);2=中下收入(5001—8000元);3=中等收入(8001—1.5万元);4=中上收入(15001—2万元);5=高收入(超过2万元) | 2.74 | 1.25 |
父亲学历 | 1=没有受过正式教育;2=小学;3=初中;4=高中或同等学历; 5=大专或高职;6=本科;7=硕士;8=博士 | 4.69 | 1.37 |
母亲学历 | 1=没有受过正式教育;2=小学;3=初中;4=高中或同等学历; 5=大专或高职;6=本科;7=硕士;8=博士 | 4.59 | 1.39 |
教育投入 | |||
校外补习情况 | 一周中的校外补习时间(小时)。 | 2.11 | 2.84 |
父母的知识性教育 | 父母与子女互动中的知识性传递。1=否;2=是 | 1.50 | 0.19 |
教养方式 | |||
温情 | 父母对于子女的情感支持及亲子之间的情感沟通。 | 1.55 | 0.28 |
控制 | 父母对子女行为规范的要求与管教。 | 1.53 | 0.33 |
独立性 | 父母对子女独立性的鼓励与培育。 | 1.81 | 0.24 |
顺从性 | 父母对子女听从和遵循长辈的要求。 | 1.67 | 0.29 |
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变量 | 夏季生 | 春季生 | 冬季生 | 秋季生 | F值 |
学习成绩 | |||||
班级排名 | 3.40±0.99 | 3.49±0.92 | 3.60±0.93 | 3.63±0.92 | 7.208*** |
学习困难 | 2.31±0.68 | 2.25±0.70 | 2.22±0.71 | 2.25±0.65 | 1.669 |
语文困难 | 2.42±0.83 | 2.33±0.88 | 2.33±0.91 | 2.36±0.82 | 1.459 |
英语困难 | 2.20±0.94 | 2.18±0.90 | 2.19±1.00 | 2.16±0.91 | 0.185 |
数学困难 | 2.32±0.96 | 2.23±0.93 | 2.15±0.92 | 2.23±0.91 | 1.925 |
同伴关系 | |||||
朋友/玩伴数量 | 3.42±0.68 | 3.53±0.58 | 3.50±0.61 | 3.55±0.62 | 2.856* |
消极交往经历 | 1.70±0.79 | 1.66±0.75 | 1.71±0.82 | 1.64±0.77 | 0.970 |
被取笑 | 1.76±0.89 | 1.73±0.87 | 1.78±0.93 | 1.73±0.88 | 0.481 |
被忽视 | 1.63±0.89 | 1.58±0.82 | 1.64±0.88 | 1.56±0.84 | 1.176 |
师生关系 | |||||
被老师喜欢 | 3.80±1.64 | 3.92±1.65 | 4.12±1.72 | 4.13±1.64 | 5.220** |
被老师羞辱 | 1.43±0.88 | 1.41±0.79 | 1.42±0.86 | 1.41±0.83 | 0.438 |
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变量 | 夏季生 | 春季生 | 冬季生 | 秋季生 |
学习成绩 | ||||
班级排名 | 1.890 | 3.141 | 0.274 | 4.153* |
学习困难 | 0.162 | 0.532 | 0.309 | 1.737 |
语文困难 | 5.346* | 8.637** | 1.803 | 14.325*** |
英语困难 | 3.484 | 2.772 | 0.039 | 6.105* |
数学困难 | 21.025*** | 7.164** | 8.210** | 9.415** |
同伴关系 | ||||
朋友/玩伴数量 | 0.556 | 1.272 | 0.353 | 0.230 |
消极交往经历 | 3.702 | 2.355 | 5.449* | 13.333*** |
被取笑 | 7.021** | 6.422* | 10.978** | 15.388*** |
被忽视 | 0.622 | 0.016 | 0.726 | 6.303* |
师生关系 | ||||
被老师喜欢 | 6.494* | 5.111* | 2.648 | 27.340*** |
被老师羞辱 | 1.241 | 0.000 | 3.965* | 1.901 |
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班级排名 | 学习困难 | 同伴关系 | 师生关系 | ||||||||
语文困难 | 英语困难 | 数学困难 | 总体困难 | 朋友数量 | 消极经历 | 被喜欢 | 被羞辱 | ||||
1. 入学年龄 | 0.132*** | ?0.033 | ?0.019 | ?0.057* | ?0.051* | 0.061* | ?0.018 | 0.078** | ?0.003 | ||
2. 家庭资源 | |||||||||||
社经地位 | ?0.032 | ?0.075** | ?0.047 | 0.015 | ?0.160*** | ?0.021 | ?0.032 | 0.143*** | ?0.042 | ||
家庭收入 | 0.107*** | ?0.011 | ?0.061* | ?0.096** | ?0.048 | 0.005 | ?0.051 | 0.018 | ?0.043 | ||
父亲学历 | 0.113*** | 0.013 | ?0.027 | ?0.068* | ?0.022 | ?0.017 | ?0.006 | 0.069 | 0.075* | ||
母亲学历 | 0.004 | ?0.012 | ?0.162*** | ?0.006 | ?0.051 | ?0.025 | ?0.002 | 0.044 | ?0.123*** | ||
教育投入 | |||||||||||
校外补习 | 0.039 | 0.003 | ?0.088** | ?0.058* | ?0.075** | 0.055* | ?0.007 | 0.053* | ?0.012 | ||
知识教育 | 0.085** | ?0.121*** | ?0.087** | ?0.077** | ?0.128*** | 0.028 | ?0.034 | 0.077** | 0.025 | ||
教养方式 | |||||||||||
温情 | ?0.050 | 0.003 | ?0.014 | ?0.025 | ?0.017 | 0.099*** | ?0.066* | 0.073** | ?0.059* | ||
控制 | ?0.083** | 0.042 | 0.088** | 0.042 | 0.082** | ?0.039 | 0.067* | ?0.020 | 0.037 | ||
独立性 | 0.118*** | ?.069* | ?.069* | ?0.039 | ?0.089** | 0.067* | ?0.129*** | 0.174*** | ?0.101*** | ||
顺从性 | ?0.066* | 0.021 | 0.036 | ?0.004 | 0.081 | 0.017 | 0.033 | ?0.061* | 0.069** | ||
3. 个体特征 | |||||||||||
性别 | ?0.058* | 0.131*** | 0.062* | ?0.176*** | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.103*** | ?0.124*** | 0.047 | ||
学段 | ?0.004 | ?0.070** | 0.120*** | 0.125*** | 0.081** | ?0.094*** | 0.053* | ?0.005 | ?0.019 | ||
健康状况 | ?0.099*** | 0.055* | 0.059* | 0.067** | 0.077** | 0.017 | 0.118*** | ?0.073** | 0.293*** | ||
常数(C) | ?0.475 | 3.721 | 3.448 | 4.394 | 4.126 | 1.994 | 2.307 | ?2.577 | 1.793 | ||
R2修正值 | 0.106 | 0.058 | 0.106 | 0.081 | 0.093 | 0.031 | 0.059 | 0.133 | 0.128 | ||
自由度(df) | 1323 | 1406 | 1402 | 1404 | 1399 | 1408 | 1400 | 1405 | 1414 |
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步骤 | 自变量 | 因变量 | Beta | Adj.R2 | ΔR2 | F | |
模型1 | 第一步 | 入学年龄 | 学习困难 | ?0.029 | 0.036 | 0.013 | 17.362*** |
校外补习时间 | ?0.112*** | ||||||
第二步 | 入学年龄 | ?0.029 | 0.038 | 0.002 | 15.123*** | ||
校外补习时间 | ?0.116*** | ||||||
入学年龄×校外补习 | ?0.041* | ||||||
模型2 | 第一步 | 入学年龄 | 英语学习困难 | 0.006 | 0.051 | 0.018 | 24.230*** |
校外补习时间 | ?0.134*** | ||||||
第二步 | 入学年龄 | 0.007 | 0.054 | 0.003 | 21.570*** | ||
校外补习时间 | ?0.141*** | ||||||
入学年龄×校外补习 | ?0.059** | ||||||
模型3 | 第一步 | 入学年龄 | 数学学习困难 | ?0.032 | 0.065 | 0.007 | 31.065*** |
校外补习时间 | ?0.080*** | ||||||
第二步 | 入学年龄 | ?0.031 | 0.067 | 0.002 | 26.910*** | ||
校外补习时间 | ?0.086*** | ||||||
入学年龄×校外补习 | ?0.050* | ||||||
模型4 | 第一步 | 入学年龄 | 同伴交往消极经历 | ?0.023 | 0.029 | 0.001 | 14.156*** |
校外补习时间 | ?0.006 | ||||||
第二步 | 入学年龄 | ?0.022 | 0.031 | 0.002 | 12.565*** | ||
校外补习时间 | ?0.011 | ||||||
入学年龄×校外补习 | ?0.045* | ||||||
模型5 | 第一步 | 入学年龄 | 被老师喜欢 | 0.073** | 0.048 | 0.002 | 22.717*** |
校外补习时间 | 0.097*** | ||||||
第二步 | 入学年龄 | 0.072** | 0.049 | 0.002 | 19.840*** | ||
校外补习时间 | 0.102*** | ||||||
入学年龄×校外补习 | 0.048* | ||||||
模型6 | 第一步 | 入学年龄 | 朋友数量 | 0.076*** | 0.022 | 0.014 | 10.991*** |
知识性教育 | 0.092*** | ||||||
第二步 | 入学年龄 | 0.076*** | 0.024 | 0.002 | 10.100*** | ||
知识性教育 | 0.093*** | ||||||
入学年龄×知识性教育 | ?0.049* | ||||||
模型7 | 第一步 | 入学年龄 | 朋友数量 | 0.078*** | 0.031 | 0.023 | 15.317*** |
温情 | 0.129*** | ||||||
第二步 | 入学年龄 | 0.078*** | 0.033 | 0.003 | 13.771*** | ||
温情 | 0.128*** | ||||||
入学年龄×温情 | ?0.050* | ||||||
模型8 | 第一步 | 入学年龄 | 被老师羞辱 | ?0.015 | 0.139 | 0.013 | 74.193*** |
独立性 | ?0.114*** | ||||||
第二步 | 入学年龄 | ?0.014 | 0.141 | 0.003 | 63.098*** | ||
独立性 | ?0.116*** | ||||||
入学年龄×独立性 | ?0.050* |
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调节变量 | 因变量 | β | t | P | |
1. 校外补习 | 低分组 | 学习困难 | 0.012 | 0.396 | 0.692 |
高分组 | ?0.069* | ?2.355 | 0.019 | ||
2. 校外补习 | 低分组 | 英语学习困难 | 0.064* | 2.180 | 0.029 |
高分组 | ?0.051 | ?1.749 | 0.080 | ||
3. 校外补习 | 低分组 | 数学学习困难 | 0.018 | 0.624 | 0.533 |
高分组 | ?0.080** | ?2.767 | 0.006 | ||
4. 校外补习 | 低分组 | 同伴交往消极经历 | 0.022 | 0.721 | 0.471 |
高分组 | ?0.066* | ?2.259 | 0.024 | ||
5. 校外补习 | 低分组 | 被老师喜欢 | 0.025 | 0.853 | 0.394 |
高分组 | 0.120*** | 4.088 | 0.000 | ||
6. 知识性教育 | 低分组 | 朋友数量 | 0.125*** | 4.228 | 0.000 |
高分组 | 0.027 | 0.903 | 0.366 | ||
7. 温情 | 低分组 | 朋友数量 | 0.129*** | 4.378 | 0.000 |
高分组 | 0.027 | 0.923 | 0.356 | ||
8. 独立性 | 低分组 | 被老师羞辱 | 0.038 | 1.352 | 0.177 |
高分组 | ?0.065* | ?2.358 | 0.018 |
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