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    Exploring the Impact of ChatGPT/AIGC on Education and Strategies for Response
    Zongkai Yang, Jun Wang, Di Wu, Xu Chen
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (7): 26-35.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.07.003
    Abstract16266)   HTML1293)    PDF(pc) (699KB)(81262)       Save

    ChatGPT, as a representative of AIGC, has a significant impact on education. It empowers teaching by shifting the teaching model from “teacher-student” to “teacher-computer-student”, promoting the shift of teaching content from manual production to intelligent production, and catalyzing the assessment model of “knowledge + literacy”. ChatGPT also empowers learning by promoting the ubiquitization of learning space, meeting the personalized needs for full coverage of the learning process, and forming a human-computer collaborative learning mode. Additionally, ChatGPT empowers education by promoting higher-order ability cultivation and comprehensive literacy cultivation, and innovating the education model of discipline integration. To cope with the impact caused by ChatGPT, we must pay full attention, think calmly, and respond positively. This requires us to accelerate the development of high-level competing products with localized characteristics and to thoroughly study the laws of intelligent pedagogy with human-computer synergy. It also involves handling the important relationships between change and invariance, equity and efficiency in education, and the specialization and universality of technology. Besides, it's important to correctly grasp the direction and development of integration of AI technology and education, and lead the transformation of education system structure and operation mechanism.

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    The Contribution and Prospect of Empirical Research on Preschool Education in China to the Construction of Self-independent Knowledge System
    Yongping Yu, Jinxia Yuan, Bin Zhang, Xiaoying Zeng
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2024, 42 (11): 127-145.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2024.11.008
    Abstract3283)   HTML105)    PDF(pc) (1604KB)(42740)       Save

    The construction and improvement of self-independent knowledge system in preschool education have significant implications for promoting scientific decision-making, high-quality development, and the realization of the goal of becoming a strong educational nation in preschool education. A review of the century-long journey of preschool education research in China reveals that focusing on the evolution of practical issues and conducting empirical research have always been the original foundation and important characteristics of research in this field. This study revolves around three core themes: “child development” “preschool education” and “development of preschool education” and selects empirical research literature on Chinese preschool education since 1919, totaling 1,619papers and 17 books. Through systematic review and analysis of the literature, the main knowledge outputs of empirical research are extracted, and from the perspective of self-independent knowledge system construction, the contributions and issues of existing empirical research are analyzed and reflected upon. Based on this, the future prospects for empirical research in preschool education are proposed, aiming to provide references for the continuous development and innovation in this field.

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    伟娜 马, 标 桑, 灵敏 洪
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2008, 26 (1): 89-96.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2008.01.003
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    心理弹性目前已成为心理学的一个重要研究领域, 并日益为心理学界所关注。已有研究分别从不同角度给予心理弹性不同的定义, 虽没有形成统一的概念, 但在进行研究时, 都认可两个基本的操作性定义要素:个体遭遇逆境和个体成功应对。有关心理弹性的研究目前大多停留在第一阶段, 即对心理弹性变量的探讨; 对心理弹性内在机制的探讨是心理弹性研究的第二阶段, 这将成为今后研究的重点。本研究在综合国外大量文献的基础上重点探讨了心理弹性作用机制的理论模型, 并提出注重生态学原则、进行细化研究、拓展纵向研究、加强认知研究和实施干预研究, 将可能成为心理弹性作用机制的研究趋势。

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    希武 潘
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2008, 26 (2): 74-79.  
    Abstract1311)   HTML78)    PDF(pc) (743KB)(28075)       Save

    柏拉图的《理想国》的一个基本主题是要处理哲学与政治间的冲突, 也即是探讨哲人如何在政治城邦中获得哲学生活方式。基于哲学与政治之间冲突的考虑, 柏拉图的教诲是通过教育实现哲人王统治下的德性城邦和社会。因此, 柏拉图式的教育是实现美好城邦和生活的德性教育。而这种德性教育的意义就在于对何为"美好"生活的不断的追问与探寻之中, 因而它是一种哲学教育和自由教育。

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    ChatGPT/AIGC and Educational Innovation: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Future
    Yongxin Zhu, Fan Yang
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (7): 1-14.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.07.001
    Abstract10328)   HTML871)    PDF(pc) (805KB)(27828)       Save

    A text-based artificial intelligence application called ChatGPT has sparked attention from all walks of life upon its launch, and its demonstrated value of educational innovation has been hotly debated in particular. Thanks to its advanced algorithms, powerful computing capabilities and massive data base, ChatGPT can learn on its own when interacting with users, thus intelligently providing Q&A, translation, writing and other services. In addition, the newly-released upgraded version of ChatGPT—GPT-4 can also better solve real-time problems, reason logically and write creatively. In the field of education, ChatGPT can be used as a teaching tool, answer professional academic questions, build autonomous learning platforms, save human resources costs, and reconstruct school education structures, providing many development opportunities for educational innovation. However, it also brings some risks and challenges, impacting the role of teachers, the goals of talent cultivation, the traditional school order, and exposes typical issues such as technological dependence, academic misconduct, and intelligent discrimination. Currently, technological renovation is pressing educational innovation step by step, which requires us to approach new technologies positively and cautiously, achieving self-reliance and strength in intelligent technology by strengthening organized scientific research, building a national digital security barrier through revising relevant laws, enhancing application service transparency by clarifying digital education standards, and transforming talent cultivation concepts to form flexible thinking in education evaluation. Based on all this, we must make every effort to create a new form of human civilization in the process of moving towards human-machine co-teaching.

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    Artificial Intelligence Curriculum Guidelines for Primary and Secondary Schools
    Jiang Bo Penner:, Dai Juan Core Members:, Zhou Aimin , Dong Xiaoyong , Liu Xiaoyu , Hong Daocheng Participants:, Jiang Fei , Zheng Longwei , Zhao Jiabao , Zhang Hengyuan , Liu Yalin , Yuan Zhenguo Consultant:
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (3): 121-134.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.03.013
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    Artificial intelligence (AI) education in primary and secondary schools has just started in China. Lack of unified curriculum standards, we still face many difficulties in the curriculum nature and objectives, textbooks development, and academic evaluation. To address this issue, East China Normal University and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory jointly developed the Artificial Intelligence Curriculum Guidelines for Primary and Secondary Schools. The proposed guidelines has six parts including course nature and basic concept, core competency and curriculum objectives, course structure, course content and requirements, academic evaluation standards and implementation suggestions. We aim to construct a scientific and open curriculum guidelines for AI education in primary and secondary schools and simultaneously provide a reference for the construction of an AI education system in China.

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    ChatGPT/AIGC Reshape Education: Underlying Logic and Possible Paths
    Zhi Zhang
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (7): 131-142.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.07.012
    Abstract3841)   HTML187)    PDF(pc) (1879KB)(21141)       Save

    As a large model based on general artificial intelligence, ChatGPT can provide generative information acquisition services, and its functions far exceed any previous retrieval and search tools. Its appearance will also have a profound impact on education. This paper analyzes the influence of ChatGPT on education through literature research and other methods, analyzes and demonstrates its underlying logic of reshaping education from the perspective of brain science, knowledge view, and educational metacognition, and proposes its possible path to reshape education. The article believes that the impact of ChatGPT on education will mainly change education profoundly in the fields of the effectiveness of traditional educational tools, knowledge value theory, resource form, learning model, evaluation methods, and human-machine collaboration IQ. Its change in education conforms to the essence of brain science, echoes with the concept of knowledge, and also conforms to educational values. The birth of ChatGPT gave birth to a new form of education. In the future, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of human-computer collaborative IQ, educational evaluation systems, and computing-based teaching strategy models, and accelerate the revolutionary reshaping of human education.

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    Determining Sample Size in Qualitative Research: Saturation, its Conceptualization, Operationalization and Relevant Debates
    Ailei Xie, Jiayi Chen
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2021, 39 (12): 15-27.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.12.002
    Abstract6120)   HTML665)    PDF(pc) (899KB)(19504)       Save

    Saturation has become an important criterion to judge the quality of qualitative research and explain the rationality of sample size. This paper systematically and critically reviews the literature and introduces three types of saturation: theoretical saturation, thematical saturation and data saturation and points out that researchers should consider their own overall research design to decide which model to adopt. The paper also introduces three ways to record the process of saturation. Among them, the structural coding book is more suitable for recording deductive thematical saturation and data saturation. There are two types of saturation tables which are more suitable for recording a prior thematical saturation. The conceptual depth scale is particularly suitable for recording theoretical saturation. This paper points out that saturation is a process rather than an event. Quality rather than quantity is the key to understand saturation. Saturation itself should be a concrete methodology practice. Researchers should pay attention to the concept of saturation and make a clear statement of the process of achieving saturation, which can help to improve the standardization, transparency, quality and recognition of qualitative research.

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    Unfolding, Issues, and Trends of Empirical Research in Chinese Higher Education
    Guangcai Yan, Na Sun, Jiawei Tian
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2024, 42 (11): 171-186.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2024.11.011
    Abstract2159)   HTML27)    PDF(pc) (861KB)(19309)       Save

    This article selects themes such as investment in higher education, college faculty management systems, academic career mobility, and the teaching behavior of faculty, and provides a cursory review of the related research literature to roughly outline the trajectory of empirical research in the field of higher education in China. It also explores its significance in the construction of a knowledge system. The fundamental conclusion is that currently, the empirical approach has become the mainstream trend in Chinese higher education research. The themes of this research are closely related to national macro policies and systemic reforms. Therefore, it could be characterized as having a pragmatic empirical orientation. Empirical research that unfolds around the numerous issues arising from systemic changes has led to the production of a wealth of thematic knowledge, but there is still a lack of indigenous theory generation and the construction of an independent knowledge system. Future empirical research should be based on local awareness, drawing from and reflecting upon this, to achieve theoretical innovation and construct a knowledge and discourse system that is internationally recognized, thereby highlighting the international contribution of Chinese higher education research.

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    Research on Teachers’ Emotion Regulation: The Shift from Individual Orientation to Interpersonal Orientation
    Wenlan Wang, Wenyan Jiang, Hongbiao Yin
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2024, 42 (7): 77-88.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2024.07.007
    Abstract2102)   HTML108)    PDF(pc) (771KB)(19242)       Save

    Interpersonal interactions are the foundation and center of teachers’ work. Therefore, educational activities are full of the flow of emotions, and emotions permeate and pervade teachers’ daily work. Due to its multi-disciplinary nature, the research on teachers’ emotion regulation has evolved three typical approaches, namely, emotion regulation, emotional labor, and emotional management. However, these three approaches demonstrate a notable individualistic inclination, and lack the adequate attention to the interpersonal characteristics and dynamic processes of emotion regulation. In the past decade, the international literature on emotion regulation has emerged a shift from an individual orientation to an interpersonal orientation. Gradually, the interpersonal-oriented emotion regulation research has experienced the stages of germination and formation. The emerging field of interpersonal emotion regulation has developed some theoretical models and measurement tools that have been applied in various disciplines. It is valuable for the researchers to further strengthen the interpersonal-oriented teacher emotion regulation research because of the interpersonal characteristics of teachers’ work and the recent perspective shift in emotion regulation research. In future, when applying and adjusting the cutting-edge theories to educational research, researchers who are interested in teachers’ emotion regulation need to pay enough attention to the issues of cultural differences and contextual adaptations.

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    Reconstruction of Teachers’ Competencies: A Key Support for the Digital Transformation of Education
    Xiaohong Tian, Yilong Ji, Yueliang Zhou
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (3): 91-100.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.03.010
    Abstract3725)   HTML151)    PDF(pc) (1645KB)(18056)       Save

    The digital transformation of education is driven by the technical ecology formed by the integration of multiple technologies, and it is necessary to analyze the needs it brings to the teaching profession from a technical perspective. The technical intention of the digital transformation of education has shifted teachers from “teaching” to “learning”-centered, and smart education environment has shifted human-machine relationship from auxiliary to collaborative. The physical-social-cyber space survival mode penetrated by technology requires teachers to have corresponding moral cultivation capabilities, and the paradigm of knowledge growth in the digital age requires teachers to continue to develop themselves. Borrowing the functional capacity analysis construction path of organizational behavior elements analysis, the paper analyzes the core mission and attributes of educational organizations, and combines the needs of education digital transformation to obtain the specific types of capabilities supporting the digital transformation of education: curriculum development and teaching competency, human-computer collaboration competency, effective moral education competency and self-growth competency. From the perspective of supporting the digital transformation of education, curriculum development and teaching competency is the premise and guarantee of “learning”-centered, and human-computer collaboration competency is the transformation direction of teachers’ ICT capabilities in smart environments. Effective moral education competency is the primary role of teachers in the process of digital transformation, and self-growth competency is the purpose and means of digital survival. Teacher education needs to face up to the current problems in teacher capacity development and reshape teacher education around the core competencies required by digital transformation.

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    The Emergence of the Teacher Concept: An Experiment in Longitudinal and Transdisciplinary Exploration of Educational Fundamentals
    Biao Dong
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2024, 42 (12): 1-62.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2024.12.001
    Abstract1718)   HTML110)    PDF(pc) (2008KB)(17986)       Save

    The concept of the teacher constitutes a crucial element within the foundational knowledge framework of education. The investigation into, and the manner of investigating, the teacher concept itself remains an unresolved challenge. Acknowledgment and recognition of this challenge serve as symbols of conceptual cognition and understanding, reflecting a pulse of the developmental state of professional knowledge, and constituting a metric for assessing professional achievements and practical effects. To reveal the layered emergence of the teacher concept, departing from the uncertain state of foundational knowledge and guided by Marx’s proposition of true projection, combined with the hypothesis of symbolic revolution, this study commences with the recursive trilogy of education by Clement of Alexandria. Through preliminary analysis of Greek teacher myths, pedagogical figures (paidagogos), school teachers (didáskalos), liberal educators, and poet-educators, it elaborates upon the educational conceptions and teacher identity concepts of figures such as Clement of Alexandria, Moses Maimonides, and Hasdai Crescas, thus examining educators within the realms of the Torah and the Christ faith. This presentation unveils the teacher concept, the concept-metaphor, its primordial emergence, historical pulsations, cultural attributes, civilizational values, abstract forms, and inherent contradictions. Examining materials discovered through extensive temporal and spatial explorations of foundational knowledge experiments, centred on the genesis and différance of the teacher concept, it deduces and disseminates certain regular recognitions and normative understandings. Peer review is solicited, employing similar research methodologies for correction and validation.

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    The Public Signal of We Media and the College Entrance Examination Will-Decision Application: A Study Based on “Zhang Xuefeng Journalism Event”
    Ziying Fan, Xinyi Zhao, Jiayu Wei
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa    2025, 43 (3): 58-77.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2025.03.006
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    The National College Entrance Exam will-decision application is a key part of the higher education system, and it is also a major decision that affects every candidate, and the rational decision of individuals depends on the acquisition of real information. In this paper, we studied the impact of information dissemination on the National College Entrance Exam will-decision application in the era of “We Media”. We manually collected and organized the admission data of 90 “Double World-Class” colleges and universities in each province and each major from 2019 to 2023, and converted them into comparable admission ranks by matching a one-point-one-paragraph table and then systematically evaluate the admission rank. Based on the “Zhang Xuefeng journalism major review event” in 2023, we systematically assessed the public signaling effect of We Media. Based on the scientific and detailed quantitative analysis, we found that, first, the event caused the lowest admission rank in journalism and communication to drop by 15% on average, and this situation showed great differentiation in each province. For example, the decline in Shandong province is more than 30% and less than 5% in Fujian province. Second, the effect depends on the concentration of news dissemination in the We Media and the more short-video users in the region, the greater the impact. Finally, the effect shows an obvious asymmetry. The “non-recommended” majors have a significant decline in the acceptance rank, while the “recommended” majors have little significant increase. “Recommended” majors do not rise significantly, indicating that the main role played by public information in the National College Entrance Exam will-decision application is risk aversion. Therefore, the management of public figures' statements related to college entrance exam will-decision application should be strengthened. A differentiated information supervision strategy should be implemented according to regions, and the market competition of college entrance exam will-decision application information should be promoted to diversify it, in order to scientifically guide students in filling out their college entrance exam will-decision application.

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    Does Growth Mindset Affect Students’ Social and Emotional Skills Development: Empirical Analyses Based on OECD Social and Emotional Skills Study
    Zhongjing Huang, Kaiyue Shang, Jing Zhang
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (4): 22-32.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.04.002
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    Mindset plays a decisive role in people’s words and deeds. This study adopted the OECD-Suzhou data to explore the growth mindset of 10-year-old and 15-year-old adolescents in social and emotional skills from the perspective of students, parents, and teachers, as well as the relationship between their thinking patterns and abilities. The results of the study show that, first, the growth mindset of students’ social and emotional skills is restricted by socioeconomic status. Second, the growth mindset of students, parents, and teachers’ social and emotional skills is significantly positive, relevant, and predictive for students’ social and emotional skills. This result has enriched the current research on growth-oriented mindset and society and skills, and pointed out and provided new ways and new measures to promote the cultivation of the social and emotional skills of our teenagers.

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    The Core Technology Engine of Digital Transformation in Education: Trustworthy Education Artificial Intelligence
    Bo Jiang, Yingwen Ding, Yuang Wei
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (3): 52-61.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.03.006
    Abstract3521)   HTML65)    PDF(pc) (976KB)(17158)       Save

    The digital transformation of education aims to reengineer the education and teaching process and improve the quality and efficiency through digital technology. On the one hand, digital technology represented by artificial intelligence as the technical engine of digital transformation of education drives the continuous deepening of digital transformation of education. On the other hand, the “black box” problem of artificial intelligence technology has caused a crisis of human-machine trust, and there is a risk of violating basic constraints such as fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in education, hindering the digital transformation of education. This study sorts out the four major governance problems caused and aggravated by artificial intelligence to help the digital transformation of education, analyzes the theoretical research and development status of trustworthy artificial intelligence in education, puts forward the basic framework of trustworthy artificial intelligence in education, summarizes the opportunities brought by trustworthy artificial intelligence in education for the digital transformation of education, and puts forward the development suggestions of trustworthy education artificial intelligence to promote the digital transformation of education. The research recommends the introduction of relevant standards and regulations for trustworthy educational artificial intelligence, incorporating technical credibility into the evaluation system of education digitalization, further promoting educational data governance, and improving the digital literacy of education practitioners.

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    Difficulties and Solutions: Next Step in the Digital Transformation of Education
    Xiaozhe Yang, Ruoxin Wang
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (3): 82-90.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.03.009
    Abstract2866)   HTML88)    PDF(pc) (693KB)(17135)       Save

    The importance and value of digital transformation in education are getting more and more attention all over the world. Nowadays, China’s approach to the digital transformation of education is at an important and urgent stage, facing many difficulties, including blurred top-level design and lack of boundaries of responsibilities, inefficient digital resources and lack of stereo integration bases, overemphasizing data scale and technological innovation while ignoring the comprehensiveness of people development. This paper tries to point out paths for the next step of the transformation and think about how to break these dilemmas. The ways include reshaping the consensus and forming a diverse and consistent community; in-depth teaching and exploring five-application scenarios of digital education; and trying to promote people’s all-around development with people-oriented.

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    Science Education Research in China: Historical Evolution, Logic of Development, and Future Prospects
    Yonghe Zheng, Xuanyang Yang, Dan Tao, Jie Yang
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2024, 42 (11): 95-110.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2024.11.006
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    The construction of a high-quality science education system is a fundamental project to promote the integrated deployment of education, science and technology, and human resources. However, the high-quality development of science education cannot be achieved without the support of solid science education research. Referring to the key policies and critical events in science education, China's science education has gone through four development periods, namely “recovery and adjustment”, “rapid development”, “innovation and exploration” and “systematic construction”. Through constructing a three-dimensional analytic framework of “policy-research-social infrastructure”, this study systematically analyzes the research progress of science education in China at different stages of development. Drawing upon these findings, this study summarizes the logic of development in China's science education research, in terms of the development impetus, basic guarantee as well as the model of knowledge production. Finally, this study puts forward five suggestions for the future of science education research in China, including constructing a funding system for science education, focusing on key scientific research questions, forming an interdisciplinary research community, conducting multiple types of empirical research and coordinating policies and practices with multiple stakeholders.

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    Enlightenment via Pictures and Forging Citizens: An Analysis Focusing on Vulgar Pictorials in Late Qing
    Huimei Zhou
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2022, 40 (10): 117-126.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2022.10.011
    Abstract1253)   HTML26)    PDF(pc) (1132KB)(16969)       Save

    Reading was considered to be a graceful activity in traditional Chinese value. However, it gradually became an outdated opinion with the popularity of vulgar pictorials in late Qing. The appearance of vulgar pictorials in large amount, which imitated the models established by foreign pictorials as well as continued the Chinese tradition of left picture right historical narrative, and which was low in price but balanced entertainment and aesthetic, provided a knowledge warehouse for the populace (including females and children). Reading became part of the daily life of the populace who had little knowledge. The contents those vulgar pictorials presented, included not only the cultural images and interpretations articulated by the government and elites, but also the processed images and interpretations articulated by publishers and the authors who drew those pictures. The generalization of those vulgar pictorials provided the public opinions and practical experiences for the establishment of modern social education. The influence on the social value brought by those vulgar pictorials echoed to the cultural interaction between elite and populace.

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    How Natural Language Processing Technology Empowers the AIED: The Perspective of AI Scientist
    Bo Zhang, Ruihai Dong
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2022, 40 (9): 19-31.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2022.09.003
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    Natural language processing (NLP) is one of the most important research branches of artificial intelligence (AI). With the boosting of computer performance and the construction of large-scale corpora in the last decade, NLP technology has made great progress and has been widely applied in various areas, especially in the field of education. Specifically, in this paper, we investigate the present research and the trends of NLP technology, and how NLP promotes the development of artificial intelligence in education (AIED) through studying and analyzing publications, reports, and speeches, etc. from eminent domestic and international AI specialists. We are aiming to explore the direction and trend of AIED in the future.

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    The Theoretical Framework, Development and Future Prospect of Smart Education
    Xiaoqing Gu, Hua Du, Hongchao Peng, Zhiting Zhu
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2021, 39 (8): 20-32.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.08.002
    Abstract1965)   HTML728)    PDF(pc) (1222KB)(16274)       Save

    With the development of modern information technology including mobile Internet, big data and artificial intelligence, we are stepping into an era of rapid transformation. And great and unprecedented changes have taken place in the educational field. Smart education is the inevitable choice of education from the traditional era to the digital era and even the future exponential era. With the opportunity of the conference “educational reform and innovation towards the era of smart education and academic thought of professor zhi-ting Zhu”, this paper summarizes the theoretical framework, development stage and future prospect of smart education. At the same time, it also points out the three stages in China. Through drawing the outline, we hope to grasp the overall situation of smart education and provide useful reference for the follow-up research.

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