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    Research Report on Employment Trends of Chinese College Graduates: Based on 2003—2021 Survey Data
    Changjun Yue, Qinxue Feng, Xiaojia Xin, Wenqi Qiu
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (9): 138-154.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.09.010
    Abstract6909)   HTML750)    PDF (853KB)(3260)      

    Based on ten national survey data sets on Chinese college graduates’ employment status from 2003 to 2021, this paper conducts empirical analysis on employment characteristics and trend of Chinese college graduates. The main conclusions are as follows. First, from the perspective of graduation destination, the proportion of formal employment has reached a new low level, while the proportion of further education continues to rise. The placement rate has declined, and the unemployment rate has rebounded. The placement rates of graduates with different educational levels tends to converge. Second, from the perspective of employment quality, the higher the graduates’ education level, the higher the starting salary and the faster the salary grows. There is a L-shaped downward trend in relative starting salary. Nearly 50% of graduates have lower starting salaries than expected. Employment satisfaction is on a fluctuating upward trend. Third, from the perspective of employment structure, the employment proportion in large and medium-sized cities exceeds 80%. The employment proportion of private enterprises has jumped to first place. The employment proportion of enterprises increases at the beginning and then decreases, which exceeds 50%. Career types shift from homogenization towards diversification, then back to homogenization. The education industry has become the preferred choice for graduates. Fourth, from the perspective of employment matching, the proportion of education-job match first decreases and then increases, exceeding 70%. The proportion of major-job mismatch is about 40%. Fifth, from the perspective of job-searching status, schools are the main source of job-searching information. The number of job applications has not gradually increased over time, and some graduates have obtained job opportunities but do not accept. Expenses on human relationship, transportation and clothing are the three major job-searching expenses. Ability is the most important factor that affects employment outcomes. Graduates have stable career intentions, attaching importance to prospects and income.

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    What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) Competency: Essence, Composition and Evaluation Systems
    Baichang Zhong, Xiaofan Liu, Minghuan Yang
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2024, 42 (1): 71-84.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2024.01.005
    Abstract1578)   HTML102)    PDF (845KB)(1538)      

    The ChatGPT has both positive and negative effects on education. The field of education should consider not only how to empower students to meet the challenges posed by AI, but also how to develop students’ competency to adapt to AI. In this paper, we refer to this competency as AI competency, i.e., the core competency of students with both domain specificity and domain generality cultivated through AI education. AI competency is a new competency arising from the development of AI technology. Technology ontology, philosophical epistemology and educational psychology are interconnected to understand the essence and composition of AI competency. From the perspective of technology ontology, this paper analyzes the essence of AI competency-the technicalization of human beings. From the perspective of philosophical epistemology and educational psychology, this paper analyzes the composition of AI competency. Key competency development is essentially a dynamic transformation process of “knowledge and thinking”. Affectivity, as a knowledge-derived emotional experience, not only nourishes the process of knowledge construction and thinking development, but also serves as the foundation and source for acquiring moral conceptions. Thus, the interplay of knowledge, affectivity and thinking underpins the logic of students’ AI competency. In this vein, this paper constructs an evaluation system of AI competency based on three dimensions: AI knowledge, AI affectivity, and AI thinking.

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    Exploring the Impact of ChatGPT/AIGC on Education and Strategies for Response
    Zongkai Yang, Jun Wang, Di Wu, Xu Chen
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (7): 26-35.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.07.003
    Abstract6460)   HTML812)    PDF (699KB)(5823)      

    ChatGPT, as a representative of AIGC, has a significant impact on education. It empowers teaching by shifting the teaching model from “teacher-student” to “teacher-computer-student”, promoting the shift of teaching content from manual production to intelligent production, and catalyzing the assessment model of “knowledge + literacy”. ChatGPT also empowers learning by promoting the ubiquitization of learning space, meeting the personalized needs for full coverage of the learning process, and forming a human-computer collaborative learning mode. Additionally, ChatGPT empowers education by promoting higher-order ability cultivation and comprehensive literacy cultivation, and innovating the education model of discipline integration. To cope with the impact caused by ChatGPT, we must pay full attention, think calmly, and respond positively. This requires us to accelerate the development of high-level competing products with localized characteristics and to thoroughly study the laws of intelligent pedagogy with human-computer synergy. It also involves handling the important relationships between change and invariance, equity and efficiency in education, and the specialization and universality of technology. Besides, it's important to correctly grasp the direction and development of integration of AI technology and education, and lead the transformation of education system structure and operation mechanism.

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    Principles, Procedures and Programs of Latent Class Models
    Zhonglin Wen, Jinyan Xie, Huihui Wang
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (1): 1-15.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.01.001
    Abstract2980)   HTML289)    PDF (837KB)(3660)      

    The models used in Latent Class Analysis and Latent Profile Analysis are collectively referred to as latent class models, a kind of statistical methods of classifying individuals according to their different response patterns in observation indicators, so as to identify population heterogeneity. It has attracted increasing attention from applied researchers in the fields of pedagogy, psychology, and other social science disciplines. However, it is not easy for most education researchers to understand the existing Chinese literature on the statistical principles and analytical procedures of such models. This paper systematically introduces the basic knowledge, statistical principles, analytical procedures and Mplus programs of latent class models, and clarifies various methods and selection strategies involved in the subsequent analysis of these models. It would help applied researchers enhance their understanding of the principles and methods of the latent class models, and promote the application of these models to educational research.

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    ChatGPT/AIGC and Educational Innovation: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Future
    Yongxin Zhu, Fan Yang
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (7): 1-14.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.07.001
    Abstract4155)   HTML550)    PDF (805KB)(5665)      

    A text-based artificial intelligence application called ChatGPT has sparked attention from all walks of life upon its launch, and its demonstrated value of educational innovation has been hotly debated in particular. Thanks to its advanced algorithms, powerful computing capabilities and massive data base, ChatGPT can learn on its own when interacting with users, thus intelligently providing Q&A, translation, writing and other services. In addition, the newly-released upgraded version of ChatGPT—GPT-4 can also better solve real-time problems, reason logically and write creatively. In the field of education, ChatGPT can be used as a teaching tool, answer professional academic questions, build autonomous learning platforms, save human resources costs, and reconstruct school education structures, providing many development opportunities for educational innovation. However, it also brings some risks and challenges, impacting the role of teachers, the goals of talent cultivation, the traditional school order, and exposes typical issues such as technological dependence, academic misconduct, and intelligent discrimination. Currently, technological renovation is pressing educational innovation step by step, which requires us to approach new technologies positively and cautiously, achieving self-reliance and strength in intelligent technology by strengthening organized scientific research, building a national digital security barrier through revising relevant laws, enhancing application service transparency by clarifying digital education standards, and transforming talent cultivation concepts to form flexible thinking in education evaluation. Based on all this, we must make every effort to create a new form of human civilization in the process of moving towards human-machine co-teaching.

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    Artificial Intelligence Curriculum Guidelines for Primary and Secondary Schools
    Jiang Bo Penner:, Dai Juan Core Members:, Zhou Aimin , Dong Xiaoyong , Liu Xiaoyu , Hong Daocheng Participants:, Jiang Fei , Zheng Longwei , Zhao Jiabao , Zhang Hengyuan , Liu Yalin , Yuan Zhenguo Consultant:
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (3): 121-134.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.03.013
    Abstract3307)   HTML210)    PDF (728KB)(3362)      

    Artificial intelligence (AI) education in primary and secondary schools has just started in China. Lack of unified curriculum standards, we still face many difficulties in the curriculum nature and objectives, textbooks development, and academic evaluation. To address this issue, East China Normal University and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory jointly developed the Artificial Intelligence Curriculum Guidelines for Primary and Secondary Schools. The proposed guidelines has six parts including course nature and basic concept, core competency and curriculum objectives, course structure, course content and requirements, academic evaluation standards and implementation suggestions. We aim to construct a scientific and open curriculum guidelines for AI education in primary and secondary schools and simultaneously provide a reference for the construction of an AI education system in China.

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    Expectation and Reality: An Analysis of Pay Level and Pay Mix of University Staff in China
    Yongmei Hu, Ping Zhao, Jing Yuan
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2024, 42 (1): 24-40.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2024.01.002
    Abstract749)   HTML63)    PDF (921KB)(954)      

    In order to find out the problems and then provide empirical basis for the reform of pay system of Chinese university staff, the current study analyzes the actual and expected pay level and pay mix of Chinese university staff by using administrative data and large-scale micro survey data, and draws the following conclusions. The pay level of Chinese university staffs is relatively competitive in China, but it is not internationally competitive enough. The annual pay and its components of most staff are lower than the average, and the pay expectation of the vast majority of staffs is higher than the actual pay. The proportion of the base pay of university staff in the monthly pay is low, and it is lower than their expectation. The proportion of faculties in the “Double First-Class” universities and staff in the eastern regions expecting salary increases is significantly higher than that of other staff. Based on the above research findings, the study proposes three suggestions on raising pay level and optimizing pay mix to facilitate the reform of pay system of Chinese university faculty.

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    Colleges and Universities as the Subject in Enrolling Students
    QIN Chunhua
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa    2018, 36 (3): 99-114+169+170.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.010
    Abstract202)   HTML25)    PDF (1198KB)(1331)      
    The new system of college entrance examination differs from the old one in that colleges and universities can act as the subject in enrolling students,This change from passive admission to active enrollment enables college admission criteria as a guideline to promote students' healthy growth. If admission agencies in colleges and universities cannot transform their functions and still enroll students based only on scores, the current "exam-oriented training" and "only test scores matter" will likely be further aggravated. And the pre-reform dead hand in admission may lead to more problems with grade assignment, the conversion and comparison of multiple calculation methods, equivalence and so on. On the other hand, if the admission agencies transform their duties by truly implementing the spirit of two basics and one reference, it is likely to achieve the goal of strengthening moral education and that problems like profit-seeking in the pilot reform can also be easily solved.
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    Determining Sample Size in Qualitative Research: Saturation, its Conceptualization, Operationalization and Relevant Debates
    Ailei Xie, Jiayi Chen
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2021, 39 (12): 15-27.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.12.002
    Abstract2703)   HTML492)    PDF (899KB)(3554)      

    Saturation has become an important criterion to judge the quality of qualitative research and explain the rationality of sample size. This paper systematically and critically reviews the literature and introduces three types of saturation: theoretical saturation, thematical saturation and data saturation and points out that researchers should consider their own overall research design to decide which model to adopt. The paper also introduces three ways to record the process of saturation. Among them, the structural coding book is more suitable for recording deductive thematical saturation and data saturation. There are two types of saturation tables which are more suitable for recording a prior thematical saturation. The conceptual depth scale is particularly suitable for recording theoretical saturation. This paper points out that saturation is a process rather than an event. Quality rather than quantity is the key to understand saturation. Saturation itself should be a concrete methodology practice. Researchers should pay attention to the concept of saturation and make a clear statement of the process of achieving saturation, which can help to improve the standardization, transparency, quality and recognition of qualitative research.

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    The Impact and Psychic Mechanism of Media Violence on Children and their Aggressive Behavior
    XING Shu-Fen,WANG Dan-Yang,LIN Chong-De
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa    2015, 33 (3): 71-78.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2015.03.010
    Abstract648)   HTML1094)    PDF (548KB)(4805)      
    With the prevalence of new medium and violent games, the relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior has become a research focus again. However, controversy still exists regarding the causal relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior, including two opposite theoretical models: General Aggressive Model and Catalyst Model. According to the General Aggressive Model, the effects of media violence on aggressive behavior involve short-term and long-term effect, with different psychic mechanisms. However, such factors as children’s personality, initial aggressive level, their recognition of the role and characteristics of the game will play a regulatory role. In this regard, future studies will be conducted using new paradigms and techniques, in order to reach a relatively consistent conclusion.
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    Music, Mind and the Brain
    Zhang Weidong
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa    2014, 32 (1): 89-96.  
    Abstract1134)   HTML1218)    PDF (492KB)(4895)      
    Music plays an important role both in one’s life and in a society and therefore attracts psychologists and neuroscientists to explore intensively and extensively the psychological mechanisms and neural basis of human musical mind. This paper reviewed the major research advances and results in the areas of cognitive processing and emotional experience of music, the individual differences in responding to and enjoying music, and the implications of psychological and neuro-scientific research on music. The concluding remarks addressed the key issues in current studies as well as directions for future research in the area of music, mind and brain.
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    The Vitality of Teachers and Positive Teacher-student Relationships: A Study on the Emotional Transmission Effect
    Wei Yan, Zhongying Shi, Kaiping Peng
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2024, 42 (3): 78-86.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2024.03.007
    Abstract716)   HTML46)    PDF (742KB)(870)      

    In recent years, the emotional interactions between teachers and students in the classroom have garnered increasing attention. Drawing from the vitality theory, this study posited that the vitality of teachers might enhance students’ vitality and foster positive teacher-student relationship via emotional transmission effect, specifically through students’ perception of teacher enthusiasm. This hypothesis was empirically examined with a sample of 2,386 Chinese middle school students and 76 headteachers. Data on student and teacher vitality, students’ perception of teacher enthusiasm, and positive teacher-student relationship were collected using questionnaires. A chain mediation model was established and evaluated. Results showed that teacher vitality directly predicts positive teacher-student relationship. The relationship is underpinned by the mediators of students’ perception of teacher enthusiasm and student vitality, and by the chain mediating effect of the two. In essence, when teachers demonstrate energy, enthusiasm, and vitality in their teaching, they are more likely to transmit this passion to their students. This, in turn, fosters more positive teacher-student relationships. These findings have significant implications for bolstering educational vitality, enhancing the mental health of teachers and students, and cultivating positive teacher-student relationships.

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    Positive Psychology Applied among Schools in China
    Xi Juzhe, Ye Yang, Zuo Zhihong, Peng Yanan
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2019, 37 (6): 149-159.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2019.06.014
    Abstract576)   HTML134)    PDF (593KB)(1709)      
    Since the 21st century, the influence of positive psychology has been growing in western countries, as well as in China. There were not only targeted experiments such as PRP and the Strath Haven Positive Psychology Curriculum, but also structural applied programs such as GGS model in western countries. Positive psychology exerts effects on Chinese school education, but the links between theory and practice could be closer. Based on the fundamental theories of positive psychology, the authors conceived an implementation framework of positive psychology among schools in China. Firstly, the school practice of positive psychology has three points, i.e., to utilize the three pillars of positive psychology, to translate the theories into practice, and to adhere to the concept of people-oriented. Accordingly, four strategies could be put into practice, including improving students' well-being during study, promoting their intrinsic motivation of learning, fully developing positive education, and focusing on the positive development of teachers. Finally, four practical approaches should be followed, i.e., replacing the traditional fixed education with strength-focused education advocated by positive psychology and positive education, attaching more importance to students' social practice and physical exercise, fostering teachers' empathy, and constructing a positive environment of school management. The primary and critical purpose to apply positive psychology in schools is to forster an education ecosystem facilitating positive construction.
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    Research on the Influence of “Double First-Class” Policy on the Quality of Undergraduate Students
    Jinlong Wang, Zhihui Wu
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2021, 39 (4): 64-72.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.04.006
    Abstract125)   HTML127)    PDF (1718KB)(906)      

    Based on the ranking data of the best universities in China from 2016 to 2020, this paper analyzes the influence of “double first-class” policy on the source quality of undergraduates by using the single group time series experiment method in the interruptive time series quasi experiment method. It is found that there are great differences in the quality of students in “double first-class” universities, but the distribution is relatively stable. The “double first-class” policy has a certain impact on the quality of undergraduate students. 38 of Project 985 universities and 67 of Project 211 universities have further consolidated the advantage of high quality students. In addition, 3 of Project 211 universities have entered the list of first-class universities and 19 of non-Project 211 universities have entered the list of first-class disciplines and the quality of their students has improved to a certain extent. However, the quality of students in those colleges and universities with good quality but not in the list of “double first-class” construction shows a downward trend. This results from the continuity of government resource input, the orientation of social talent demand and the stability of the university’s own development.

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    Testing the “Thresholds” of High School Students’ Learning Motivation, Learning Pressure and Subjective Well-being: An Example of S Province in East China
    Tian Wang, Qimeng Liu, Haifeng Luo, Jian Liu
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2021, 39 (3): 59-70.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.03.006
    Abstract179)   HTML150)    PDF (929KB)(1366)      

    High school students are generally believed not to enjoy a high level of physical and mental health and happiness due to the pressure of the College Entrance Examination. This phenomenon has attracted more and more attention from society, schools and families. Although many policies and measures for reducing burdens and stimulating students’ interest have already been implemented, they have not achieved the expected results, indicating that there may be more complicated relationships between learning motivation, learning pressure and subjective well-being than simple correlation. Using the online questionnaire to survey more than 14,000 high school students from a province in east China, the piecewise regression model (PRM) was used to explore the possible thresholds of learning motivation and learning pressure. The results show that learning motivation has more influence on students’ subjective well-being than learning pressure; and high school students with high learning motivation can feel the happiness of active learning. For high school students, it needs to be targeted to effectively improve the subjective well-being of students with higher learning pressure. Besides, it is necessary to focus on the academic development and healthy growth of high school students whose learning motivation and pressure are not up to standard.

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    How to Improve Students' Academic Performance: A Perspective of Learning and Teaching Strategies
    Tang Yipeng, Wang Chuang, Hu Yongmei
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2020, 38 (3): 93-105.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2020.03.009
    Abstract711)   HTML205)    PDF (827KB)(1164)      
    From the perspective of learning and teaching strategies, and based on a large-scale evaluation data of a province in eastern China, this paper explores what kind of teaching and learning strategies can more effectively improve the academic performance of primary and secondary school students. The results of the multi-level linear regression models show that cognitive strategies (CS), metacognitive strategies (MS) and inquiry strategies (IS) can significantly improve students' performance, among which CS have the greatest effect; individualized teaching strategies (ITS), participatory teaching strategies (PTS) and guided-inquiry teaching strategies (GTS) can significantly improve students' performance, and GTS have the greatest effect. The quasi-experimental design of CEM shows that teaching strategies can significantly promote the improvement of various learning strategies, especially for primary students' CS and MS and junior students' MS.
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    The Quantitative Methods in Education Empirical Research in China: A Review on Five Years’ Application
    Lyu Jing
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2020, 38 (9): 36-55.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2020.09.003
    Abstract540)   HTML303)    PDF (1070KB)(1586)      
    Since the “National Educational Empirical Research Forum” was first held in 2015, the application of quantitative methods in the field of education science in China has been popular. However, due to the limitation of research level and research environment, investigating the methodology of quantitative methods and applying quantitative methods in quantitative or mixed research are still a weak point in educational research in China. The academic community has not formed a comprehensive and objective understanding of the application of quantitative methods in education empirical research. Even though some scholars review the application of quantitative methods in education empirical research in China, they only describe and summarize the statistical data, and there is limited analysis on the specific problems with the application. Moreover, there is no correction for the misuse of quantitative methods, which cannot help the applicators effectively. Therefore, efforts to analyze the practical application of quantitative methods in China and give more specific suggestions on its shortcomings are of great significance for the development of quantitative methods in China. This paper examined the articles published in 11 comprehensive education journals included in the Chinese Social Science Citation Index (CSSCI) from 2015 to 2019 as the objects. It summarized the application of quantitative methods in educational empirical research in China in the past five years, and provided suggested solutions to some specific issues. Also, it presented the misuse of some widely used quantitative methods, and made the correct application suggestions; analyzed the future trend of applying quantitative methods in educational empirical research in China.
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    The Improvement of Percentile Band Score: Experience, Restriction and Possible Direction
    ZHANG Jianshi
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa    2018, 36 (3): 79-86+168+169.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2018.03.008
    Abstract215)   HTML24)    PDF (1320KB)(1912)      
    The score comparability of different subjects in Gaokao reform has always been a big concern in recent years. Experience in some provinces shows that standard score reform is not a proper solution to this problem because of its technical flaws in the process of score conversion. Percentile band score,despite some restrictions like using total raw score in admission, seems a compromised choice. To some extent,percentile band score, as a kind of simplified standard score, makes it possible to compare the scores of different subjects before adding them together while leaving some negative influence on teaching and learning. However,technically, percentile band score still needs improving given the existing practice of using Gaokao scores.
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    Should Calculators Be Allowed to Use in College Entrance Examinations in Mathematics: An International Comparison of 30 Countries and Regions’ Calculator Use Policies and Practices in College Entrance Examinations
    Shuhui Li, Shang Li, Lianghuo Fan
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2023, 41 (4): 83-92.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.04.007
    Abstract1144)   HTML33)    PDF (1579KB)(1598)      

    Whether calculators should be introduced to College Entrance Examinations in Mathematics (CEE-M) in China is a long-standing controversial topic. This study examined calculator use policies and practices in CEE-M in 30 relatively economically developed countries and regions, and compared their delivery modes (single, mixed), types of calculators allowed and roles of calculators in exam questions and solutions; representative questions in selected sample exams were also used for case analysis. The study found that most CEE-M allowed students to use calculators, with mainly the single delivery mode using scientific calculators, and introducing calculators into the CEE-M can provide a new opportunity to enhance the real-life context, openness, and flexibility of questions in mathematics examinations. According to the results, the study concluded that there is a need to fully realize the value of introducing calculators in CEE-M, carry out more research in designing exam questions allowing calculators to promote examination reform and innovation, and establish a long-term plan for introducing calculators into mathematics classrooms and examinations.

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    Developmental Trajectory of High School Students’ Academic Motivation and Its Relation with Academic Achievement
    Yi Jiang
    Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences)    2022, 40 (11): 80-91.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2022.11.007
    Abstract722)   HTML62)    PDF (910KB)(1263)      

    As a bridge between compulsory education and higher education, high school education plays a vital role in Chinese education system. Whether students can establish adaptive motivational beliefs in high school significantly influences their future academic development. Using latent cross-lagged modeling, the present study investigated the longitudinal interrelation among self-concept, interest value, and effort cost in students’ academic achievement from grade 11 to 12 for both math and English domains. Results based on a sample of 694 Chinese high school students revealed significant reciprocity between self-concept and effort cost in math. In math, effort cost in the second semester of grade 11 also negatively predicted interest value in the first semester of grade 12. In English, the development of motivational beliefs is relatively independent, only self-concept in the first semester of grade 11 negatively predicted effort cost in the second semester of grade 11. In both math and English, self-concept positively predicted academic achievement, whereas effort cost negatively predicted academic achievement. Latent interaction analysis further revealed that there was significant interaction effect between self-concept and effort cost on achievement in the math domain. Findings of the present study highlight the importance of students’ motivational beliefs in influencing their academic achievement. In the meantime, the developmental trajectories of motivational beliefs are dynamic and demonstrate a clear pattern of domain-specificity.

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