Currently, China is entering a strategic transformation period of high-quality patent development. Higher education institutions play a crucial role in serving the country’s economic and social high-quality development through scientific and technological innovation. A large number of patents in universities are still “dormant” in the ivory tower, falling into the “valley of death” between patent authorization and patent transfer and transformation. How to develop a set of patent evaluation indicators and systems suitable for universities to promote the effective transformation of high-quality patents in universities has become an important path to improve the efficiency of patent quality management in universities. This study used a mixed research method combining literature review, Delphi method, and Analytic Hierarchy Process to determine indicator weights. The results indicate that in the high-quality patent evaluation system constructed, which includes 4 primary indicators and 15 secondary indicators, the weights of the primary indicators from high to low are patent conversion (0.2674), patent management (0.2582), patent creation (0.2435), and patent maintenance (0.2309), respectively. This evaluation system has good scientificity and applicability, and can comprehensively reflect the current level of patents in universities. From the perspective of the full cycle of patents, it should have both “quantitative” and “qualitative” indicators to build a distinctive patent evaluation system adapted to the patents of colleges and universities, so as to help promote the high-quality transformation of patents.