教育公平

巾帼不让须眉?——工科博士获得精英学术职位的性别差异研究

  • 赵颖 ,
  • 沈文钦 ,
  • 祝军 ,
  • 徐浩天
展开
  • 1. 北京大学政策法规研究室,北京 100871
    2. 北京大学教育学院,北京 100871
    3. 北京外国语大学国际教育学院,北京 100089

网络出版日期: 2023-04-26

基金资助

2019年度国家自然科学基金面上项目“博士毕业生的初职获得与早期生涯发展追踪研究”(71974004);2022年度北京大学兰园书院学术基金项目“学术职位获得的性别差异研究”

Are Women No Inferior to Men: A Study on Gender Differences of Engineering Doctors in Elite Academic Positions

  • Ying Zhao ,
  • Wenqin Shen ,
  • Jun Zhu ,
  • Haotian Xu
Expand
  • 1. Policy and Regulation Research Office of Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
    2. Graduate School of Education, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
    3. Graduate School of Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing 100089, China

Online published: 2023-04-26

摘要

随着女性受教育程度的不断提高,科学界的女性成为科研创新的重要力量,但大学尤其是研究型大学理工科中女性教师比例较低仍是一个突出问题。本文聚焦学术职业管道中的工科博士就业,力图分析精英学术职位获得中的性别差异。研究发现,绝大多数女性博士都有继续从事学术职业的意愿,并且从就业结果来看,不同性别博士获得学术岗位的概率在统计上并没有显著差异,但女性获得精英学术职位(原“211工程”高校和中科院)的几率比男性低30%。进一步,通过Oacaxa-Blinder分解可知,男性博士获得精英学术岗位的概率比女性博士高出11%,且几乎100%都被归为“模型不可解释的部分”。结合本问卷调查中有60%的女性博士认为在就业过程中受到了性别歧视对待,可谨慎认为,就业过程中的性别歧视仍以某种难以观测的方式继续存在。

本文引用格式

赵颖 , 沈文钦 , 祝军 , 徐浩天 . 巾帼不让须眉?——工科博士获得精英学术职位的性别差异研究[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2023 , 41(5) : 84 -97 . DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.05.007

Abstract

With the continuous improvement of women’s education, women in the scientific circles have become an important force in scientific research and innovation, but the low proportion of female teachers in universities, especially in science and engineering in research universities, is still a prominent problem. This paper focuses on the employment of engineering doctors in the academic career pipeline, and tries to analyze the gender differences in the acquisition of elite academic positions. The study found that the vast majority of female doctors are willing to continue to engage in academic careers, and from the employment results, there is no statistically significant difference in the probability of male and female doctors obtaining academic posts, but the probability of women obtaining elite academic posts (formerly 211 universities and Chinese Academy of Sciences) is 30% lower than that of men. Further, according to the Oacaxa-blinder decomposition, the probability of male doctors obtaining elite academic positions is 11% higher than that of female doctors, and almost 100% are classified as “the unexplainable part of the model”. In combination with this questionnaire, 60% of female doctors believe that they have been treated with gender discrimination in the process of employment. We can cautiously infer that gender discrimination in the process of employment still exists in a way that is difficult to observe.

参考文献

null 黄梅, 范巍 不同年龄段博士职业发展质量性别差异实证研究——基于劳动力市场转型背景下体制内就业的分析视角 中国行政管理 2011 11 110 114 黄梅, 范巍. (2011). 不同年龄段博士职业发展质量性别差异实证研究—基于劳动力市场转型背景下体制内就业的分析视角. 中国行政管理,(11),110—114.
null 金蕾莅, 王轶玮, 林成涛, 胡德鑫 工学女博士的学术职业去向和层次——基于清华大学2005?2014年博士毕业生的分析 研究生教育研究 2018 03 1 7 金蕾莅, 王轶玮, 林成涛, 胡德鑫. (2018). 工学女博士的学术职业去向和层次—基于清华大学2005?2014年博士毕业生的分析. 研究生教育研究,(03),1—7.
null 李洁, 武勤, 任锡源 社会性别意识对博士生职业生涯发展影响研究——北京市高校博士生调查实证研究 中国高教研究 2013 09 28 32 李洁, 武勤, 任锡源. (2013). 社会性别意识对博士生职业生涯发展影响研究—北京市高校博士生调查实证研究. 中国高教研究,(09),28—32.
null 沈文钦, 王东芳, 赵世奎 博士就业的多元化趋势及其政策应对——一个跨国比较的分析 教育学术月刊 2015 02 35 45 沈文钦, 王东芳, 赵世奎. (2015). 博士就业的多元化趋势及其政策应对—一个跨国比较的分析. 教育学术月刊,(02),35—45.
null 沈文钦, 许丹东 优秀的冒险者: 中国博士后的职业选择与职业路径分析 中国高教研究 2021 05 70 78 沈文钦, 许丹东. (2021). 优秀的冒险者: 中国博士后的职业选择与职业路径分析. 中国高教研究,(05),70—78.
null 赵今巾, 鲍威 女性学术职业发展研究范式的重构——基于多维视角的高校女性教师研究 教育学术月刊 2020 05 67 76 赵今巾, 鲍威. (2020). 女性学术职业发展研究范式的重构—基于多维视角的高校女性教师研究. 教育学术月刊,(05),67—76.
null 周川淇, 张莉莉 理工科在读女博士的学术主体性发展探析 中华女子学院学报 2020 32 5 51 58 周川淇, 张莉莉. (2020). 理工科在读女博士的学术主体性发展探析. 中华女子学院学报,32(5),51—58.
null Acker, S Sex differences in graduate student ambition: Do men publish while women perish? Sex Roles 1977 3 3 285 299 Acker, S. (1977). Sex differences in graduate student ambition: Do men publish while women perish?. Sex Roles, 3(3), 285—299.
null Alper, J., & Gibbons, A The pipeline is leaking women all the way along Science 1993 260 5106 409 412 Alper, J., & Gibbons, A. (1993). The pipeline is leaking women all the way along. Science, 260(5106), 409—412.
null Anker, R. (1998). Gender and jobs: Sex segregation of occupations in the world. International Labour Organization.
null Baldi S Prestige determinants of first academic job for new sociology Ph. Ds 1985–1992 The Sociological Quarterly 1995 36 777 789 Baldi S. (1995). Prestige determinants of first academic job for new sociology Ph. Ds 1985–1992. The Sociological Quarterly, 36, 777—789.
null Bedeian, A. G., Cavazos, D. E., Hunt, J. G., & Jauch, L. R Doctoral degree prestige and the academic marketplace: A study of career mobility within the management discipline Academy of Management Learning & Education 2010 9 1 11 25 Bedeian, A. G., Cavazos, D. E., Hunt, J. G., & Jauch, L. R. (2010). Doctoral degree prestige and the academic marketplace: A study of career mobility within the management discipline. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 9(1), 11—25.
null Berg, H. M., & Ferber, M. A Men and women graduate students: Who succeeds and why? The Journal of Higher Education 1983 54 6 629 648 Berg, H. M., & Ferber, M. A. (1983). Men and women graduate students: Who succeeds and why?. The Journal of Higher Education, 54(6), 629—648.
null Blickenstaff, J. C. Women and science careers: leaky pipeline or gender filter? Gender and Education 2005 17 4 369 386 Blickenstaff, J. C. (2005). Women and science careers: leaky pipeline or gender filter?. Gender and Education, 17(4), 369—386.
null Bronstein P, Black L, Pfennig J, et al Getting academic jobs: Are women equally qualified—and equally successful? American Psychologist 1986 41 3 318 Bronstein P, Black L, Pfennig J, et al. (1986). Getting academic jobs: Are women equally qualified—and equally successful?. American Psychologist, 41(3), 318.
null Burris V The academic caste system: Prestige hierarchies in PhD exchange networks American Sociological Review 2004 69 239 264 Burris V. (2004). The academic caste system: Prestige hierarchies in PhD exchange networks. American Sociological Review, 69, 239—264.
null Carrell, S. E., Page, M. E., & West, J. E Sex and science: How professor gender perpetuates the gender gap The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2010 125 3 1101 1144 Carrell, S. E., Page, M. E., & West, J. E. (2010). Sex and science: How professor gender perpetuates the gender gap. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(3), 1101—1144.
null Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M Understanding current causes of women’s underrepresentation in science Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2011 108 8 3157 3162 Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (2011). Understanding current causes of women’s underrepresentation in science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(8), 3157—3162.
null Charles, M., & Grusky, D. B. (2004). Occupational ghettos: The worldwide segregation of women and men (Vol. 200). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
null Choe, N. H., & Borrego, M Master’s and doctoral engineering students’ interest in industry, academia, and government careers Journal of Engineering Education 2020 109 2 325 346 Choe, N. H., & Borrego, M. (2020). Master’s and doctoral engineering students’ interest in industry, academia, and government careers. Journal of Engineering Education, 109(2), 325—346.
null Clauset, A., Arbesman, S., & Larremore, D. B Systematic inequality and hierarchy in faculty hiring networks Science advances 2015 1 1 e1400005 Clauset, A., Arbesman, S., & Larremore, D. B. (2015). Systematic inequality and hierarchy in faculty hiring networks. Science advances, 1(1), e1400005.
null Conti, A., & Visentin, F A revealed preference analysis of PhD students’ choices over employment outcomes Research Policy 2015 44 10 1931 1947 Conti, A., & Visentin, F. (2015). A revealed preference analysis of PhD students’ choices over employment outcomes. Research Policy, 44(10), 1931—1947.
null Conti, A. , & Visentin, F. Science and engineering Ph. D. students’ career outcomes, by gender PloS one 2015b 10 8 e0133177 Conti, A. , & Visentin, F. (2015b). Science and engineering Ph. D. students’ career outcomes, by gender. PloS one, 10(8), e0133177.
null De Weert, E Pressures and prospects facing the academic profession in the Netherlands Higher Education 2001 41 1 77 101 De Weert, E. (2001). Pressures and prospects facing the academic profession in the Netherlands. Higher Education, 41(1), 77—101.
null Emmons, C. A A longitudinal study of the careers of a cohort of assistant professors in psychology American Psychologist 1982 37 11 1228 Emmons, C. A. (1982). A longitudinal study of the careers of a cohort of assistant professors in psychology. American Psychologist, 37(11), 1228.
null Fox Mary Women, Science and Academia: graduate education and careers Gender and Society 2001 5 654 666 Fox Mary. (2001). Women, Science and Academia: graduate education and careers. Gender and Society, (5), 654—666.
null Fox, M. F., & Stephan, P. E Careers of young scientists: Preferences, prospects and realities by gender and field Social studies of Science 2001 31 1 109 122 Fox, M. F., & Stephan, P. E. (2001). Careers of young scientists: Preferences, prospects and realities by gender and field. Social studies of Science, 31(1), 109—122.
null Gaule, P., & Piacentini, M An advisor like me? Advisor gender and post-graduate careers in science Research Policy 2018 47 4 805 813 Gaule, P., & Piacentini, M. (2018). An advisor like me? Advisor gender and post-graduate careers in science. Research Policy, 47(4), 805—813.
null Gibbs Jr, K. D., McGready, J., Bennett, J. C., & Griffin, K Biomedical science Ph. D. career interest patterns by race/ethnicity and gender PloS one 2014 9 12 e114736 Gibbs Jr, K. D., McGready, J., Bennett, J. C., & Griffin, K. (2014). Biomedical science Ph. D. career interest patterns by race/ethnicity and gender. PloS one, 9(12), e114736.
null Goldin, C. (1990). Understanding the gender gap: An economic history of American women (No. gold90-1). National Bureau of Economic Research.
null Hargens, L. L., & Long, J. S Demographic inertia and women’s representation among faculty in higher education The Journal of Higher Education 2002 73 4 494 517 Hargens, L. L., & Long, J. S. (2002). Demographic inertia and women’s representation among faculty in higher education. The Journal of Higher Education, 73(4), 494—517.
null Headworth, Spencer, and Jeremy Freese “Credential privilege or cumulative advantage? Prestige, productivity, and placement in the academic sociology job market.” Social Forces 2015 94.3 1257 1282 Headworth, Spencer, and Jeremy Freese. (2015). “Credential privilege or cumulative advantage? Prestige, productivity, and placement in the academic sociology job market.”. Social Forces, 94.3, 1257—1282.
null Jacobs, J. A Gender inequality and higher education Annual review of sociology 1996 22 1 153 185 Jacobs, J. A. (1996). Gender inequality and higher education. Annual review of sociology, 22(1), 153—185.
null Leviton, L. C., & Whitely, S. E Job seeking patterns of female and male Ph. D. recipients Psychology of Women Quarterly 1981 5 5_suppl 690 701 Leviton, L. C., & Whitely, S. E. (1981). Job seeking patterns of female and male Ph. D. recipients. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5(5_suppl), 690—701.
null Long, J. S., Allison, P. D., & McGinnis, R Entrance into the academic career American sociological review 1979 816 830 Long, J. S., Allison, P. D., & McGinnis, R. (1979). Entrance into the academic career. American sociological review, 816—830.
null Long, J. S., & Fox, M. F Scientific careers: Universalism and particularism Annual Review of Sociology 1995 21 45 71 Long, J. S., & Fox, M. F. (1995). Scientific careers: Universalism and particularism. Annual Review of Sociology, 21, 45—71.
null Majcher, Agnieszka Gender Inequality in German Academia and Strategies for Change German Policy Studies/Politikfeldanalyse 2002 2 3 Majcher, Agnieszka. (2002). Gender Inequality in German Academia and Strategies for Change. German Policy Studies/Politikfeldanalyse, 2(3).
null Merton, R. K. (1973). The normative structure of science. In N. W. Storer (Ed. ), The sociology of science: theoretical and empirical investigations (pp. 267–278). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
null Miller, C. C., Glick, W. H., & Cardinal, L. B. The allocation of prestigious positions in organizational science: Accumulative advantage, sponsored mobility, and contest mobility Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior 2005 26 5 489 516 Miller, C. C., Glick, W. H., & Cardinal, L. B. (2005). The allocation of prestigious positions in organizational science: Accumulative advantage, sponsored mobility, and contest mobility. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 26(5), 489—516.
null National Research Council (2010) Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty. National Academies Press.
null Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International economic review, 693?709.
null Peri-Rotem, N Gendered Career Pathways among Doctoral Graduates in the United Kingdom Social Sciences 2019 8 11 317 Peri-Rotem, N. (2019). Gendered Career Pathways among Doctoral Graduates in the United Kingdom. Social Sciences, 8(11), 317.
null Pinheiro, D. L., Melkers, J., & Newton, S Take me where I want to go: Institutional prestige, advisor sponsorship, and academic career placement preferences PloS one 2017 12 5 e0176977 Pinheiro, D. L., Melkers, J., & Newton, S. (2017). Take me where I want to go: Institutional prestige, advisor sponsorship, and academic career placement preferences. PloS one, 12(5), e0176977.
null Reskin, B. F Sex differences in status attainment in science: The case of the postdoctoral fellowship American Sociological Review 1976 597 612 Reskin, B. F. (1976). Sex differences in status attainment in science: The case of the postdoctoral fellowship. American Sociological Review, 597—612.
null Reskin, B. F., & Roos, P. A. (1990). Job queues, gender queues: Explaining women's inroads into male occupations (Vol. 105). Temple University Press.
null Reskin, B. (1993). Sex segregation in the workplace. Annual review of sociology, 241?270.
null Sax, L. J., Lehman, K. J., Jacobs, J. A., Kanny, M. A., Lim, G., Monje-Paulson, L., & Zimmerman, H. B Anatomy of an enduring gender gap: The evolution of women’s participation in computer science The Journal of Higher Education 2017 88 2 258 293 Sax, L. J., Lehman, K. J., Jacobs, J. A., Kanny, M. A., Lim, G., Monje-Paulson, L., & Zimmerman, H. B. (2017). Anatomy of an enduring gender gap: The evolution of women’s participation in computer science. The Journal of Higher Education, 88(2), 258—293.
null Sax, L. J., Allison, K. M., Jacobs, J., Whang, H., Weintraub, D., and Hroch, A Understanding the Changing Dynamics of the Gender Gap in Undergraduate Engineering Majors: 1971-2011 Research in Higher Education 2016 57 5 570 600 Sax, L. J., Allison, K. M., Jacobs, J., Whang, H., Weintraub, D., and Hroch, A. (2016). Understanding the Changing Dynamics of the Gender Gap in Undergraduate Engineering Majors: 1971-2011. Research in Higher Education, 57(5), 570—600.
null Schiebinger L (2008) Gendered Innovations in Science and Engineering: Stanford University Press
null Shen Wenqin, Gao Yao, Zhang bin & Jiang jin Academia or enterprises: gender, research outputs, and employment among PhD graduates in China Asia Pacific Education Review 2018 19 2 285 296 Shen Wenqin, Gao Yao, Zhang bin & Jiang jin. (2018). Academia or enterprises: gender, research outputs, and employment among PhD graduates in China. Asia Pacific Education Review, 19(2), 285—296.
null Tao, Yu Where do they do engineering? Gender differences in employment sectors and types of positions among engineering doctorate recipients Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 2016 22 1 69 89 Tao, Yu. (2016). Where do they do engineering? Gender differences in employment sectors and types of positions among engineering doctorate recipients. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 22(1), 69—89.
null Tao, Y., Hong, W., & Ma, Y Gender differences in publication productivity among academic scientists and engineers in the US and China: Similarities and differences Minerva 2017 55 4 459 484 Tao, Y., Hong, W., & Ma, Y. (2017). Gender differences in publication productivity among academic scientists and engineers in the US and China: Similarities and differences. Minerva, 55(4), 459—484.
null Waaijer, C. J., Sonneveld, H., Buitendijk, S. E., van Bochove, C. A., & van der Weijden, I. C The role of gender in the employment, career perception and research performance of recent PhD graduates from Dutch universities Plos one 2016 11 10 e0164784 Waaijer, C. J., Sonneveld, H., Buitendijk, S. E., van Bochove, C. A., & van der Weijden, I. C. (2016). The role of gender in the employment, career perception and research performance of recent PhD graduates from Dutch universities. Plos one, 11(10), e0164784.
null Webber, K. L., & Canché, M. G Not equal for all: Gender and race differences in salary for doctoral degree recipients Research in Higher Education 2015 56 7 645 672 Webber, K. L., & Canché, M. G. (2015). Not equal for all: Gender and race differences in salary for doctoral degree recipients. Research in Higher Education, 56(7), 645—672.
null Webber, K. L., & Canché, M. G Is there a gendered path to tenure? A multi-state approach to examine the academic trajectories of US doctoral recipients in the sciences Research in Higher Education 2018 59 7 897 932 Webber, K. L., & Canché, M. G. (2018). Is there a gendered path to tenure? A multi-state approach to examine the academic trajectories of US doctoral recipients in the sciences. Research in Higher Education, 59(7), 897—932.
null Xie, Y., & Shauman, K. A. Sex differences in research productivity: New evidence about an old puzzle American sociological review 1998 847 870 Xie, Y., & Shauman, K. A. (1998). Sex differences in research productivity: New evidence about an old puzzle. American sociological review, 847—870.
null Xie, Y., & Shauman, K. A. (2003). Women in science: Career processes and outcomes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
null Zuckerman, H. E., Cole, J. R., & Bruer, J. T. (1991). The outer circle: Women in the scientific community. In This volume is based on papers from four symposia held at Stanford University, CA, from 1983 to 1986.. WW Norton & Co.
文章导航

/