ChatGPT, as a representative of AIGC, has a significant impact on education. It empowers teaching by shifting the teaching model from “teacher-student” to “teacher-computer-student”, promoting the shift of teaching content from manual production to intelligent production, and catalyzing the assessment model of “knowledge + literacy”. ChatGPT also empowers learning by promoting the ubiquitization of learning space, meeting the personalized needs for full coverage of the learning process, and forming a human-computer collaborative learning mode. Additionally, ChatGPT empowers education by promoting higher-order ability cultivation and comprehensive literacy cultivation, and innovating the education model of discipline integration. To cope with the impact caused by ChatGPT, we must pay full attention, think calmly, and respond positively. This requires us to accelerate the development of high-level competing products with localized characteristics and to thoroughly study the laws of intelligent pedagogy with human-computer synergy. It also involves handling the important relationships between change and invariance, equity and efficiency in education, and the specialization and universality of technology. Besides, it's important to correctly grasp the direction and development of integration of AI technology and education, and lead the transformation of education system structure and operation mechanism.

A text-based artificial intelligence application called ChatGPT has sparked attention from all walks of life upon its launch, and its demonstrated value of educational innovation has been hotly debated in particular. Thanks to its advanced algorithms, powerful computing capabilities and massive data base, ChatGPT can learn on its own when interacting with users, thus intelligently providing Q&A, translation, writing and other services. In addition, the newly-released upgraded version of ChatGPT—GPT-4 can also better solve real-time problems, reason logically and write creatively. In the field of education, ChatGPT can be used as a teaching tool, answer professional academic questions, build autonomous learning platforms, save human resources costs, and reconstruct school education structures, providing many development opportunities for educational innovation. However, it also brings some risks and challenges, impacting the role of teachers, the goals of talent cultivation, the traditional school order, and exposes typical issues such as technological dependence, academic misconduct, and intelligent discrimination. Currently, technological renovation is pressing educational innovation step by step, which requires us to approach new technologies positively and cautiously, achieving self-reliance and strength in intelligent technology by strengthening organized scientific research, building a national digital security barrier through revising relevant laws, enhancing application service transparency by clarifying digital education standards, and transforming talent cultivation concepts to form flexible thinking in education evaluation. Based on all this, we must make every effort to create a new form of human civilization in the process of moving towards human-machine co-teaching.

Saturation has become an important criterion to judge the quality of qualitative research and explain the rationality of sample size. This paper systematically and critically reviews the literature and introduces three types of saturation: theoretical saturation, thematical saturation and data saturation and points out that researchers should consider their own overall research design to decide which model to adopt. The paper also introduces three ways to record the process of saturation. Among them, the structural coding book is more suitable for recording deductive thematical saturation and data saturation. There are two types of saturation tables which are more suitable for recording a prior thematical saturation. The conceptual depth scale is particularly suitable for recording theoretical saturation. This paper points out that saturation is a process rather than an event. Quality rather than quantity is the key to understand saturation. Saturation itself should be a concrete methodology practice. Researchers should pay attention to the concept of saturation and make a clear statement of the process of achieving saturation, which can help to improve the standardization, transparency, quality and recognition of qualitative research.

Artificial intelligence (AI) education in primary and secondary schools has just started in China. Lack of unified curriculum standards, we still face many difficulties in the curriculum nature and objectives, textbooks development, and academic evaluation. To address this issue, East China Normal University and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory jointly developed the Artificial Intelligence Curriculum Guidelines for Primary and Secondary Schools. The proposed guidelines has six parts including course nature and basic concept, core competency and curriculum objectives, course structure, course content and requirements, academic evaluation standards and implementation suggestions. We aim to construct a scientific and open curriculum guidelines for AI education in primary and secondary schools and simultaneously provide a reference for the construction of an AI education system in China.

The models used in Latent Class Analysis and Latent Profile Analysis are collectively referred to as latent class models, a kind of statistical methods of classifying individuals according to their different response patterns in observation indicators, so as to identify population heterogeneity. It has attracted increasing attention from applied researchers in the fields of pedagogy, psychology, and other social science disciplines. However, it is not easy for most education researchers to understand the existing Chinese literature on the statistical principles and analytical procedures of such models. This paper systematically introduces the basic knowledge, statistical principles, analytical procedures and Mplus programs of latent class models, and clarifies various methods and selection strategies involved in the subsequent analysis of these models. It would help applied researchers enhance their understanding of the principles and methods of the latent class models, and promote the application of these models to educational research.

The concept of Psychological capital (PsyCap) is identified as a kind of positive psychological trait for individual development. The study on PsyCap has significant implication for enhancing individual and organizational competitive advantage. During the past decade, there are rich literature on the concept and theory, structure and measurement, impact factors, effects and intervention. A great deal of empirical work of antecedents, consequences and intervention of psychological capital had been systematically reviewed. The development trends in the field include the development of inclusion criteria of different populations‘ PsyCap, the exploration of integration mechanism with antecedents and outcome variables, the strengthening of longitudinal and intervention research, the study of adolescent and special groups, as well as localized and crosscultural research.

School bullying occurs both in China and other countries. The pernicious influence of school bullying is gaining more public concern these years. In fact, it is a global phenomenon. After reviewing literature from China and abroad, we discuss the psychological characteristics of bullies and victims as well as the influence of social environment. Treatment methods are presented in the last section. First, the concept of school bullying is defined. School bullying is the kind of intentional, repetitive aggressive behavior that occurs at schools among students who own power differentials. School bullying includes physical, verbal, relational, cyber attack behavior which always influences victims' mental and physical health. Victims and bullies are the main participants of school bullying. As far as bullies are concerned, their aggressive behaviors are related to physiological factors such as age and gender as well as social factors such as their craving for high social status. Bullies should not be regarded blindly as evil because they are actually victims of their family or social environment. Also, their aggressive behaviors may have historical background and causes. Only after ruminating on their aggressive behaviors can we cope with the problem. In addition, the risk factors of victims such as being out of the ordinary, being solitary and being rejected are stated. However, the bullies are attracted to the psychological weakness implicitly presented by the victims. Only after the self-esteem of victim is enhanced can the occurrence of bullying be restrained. Moreover, according to Society Ecosystems Theory, environment such as family, school and society play important role in school bullying and have mutual effect. This article suggests that it is necessary to create a liberal, equal, supportive, and intimate environment. Finally, the paper discusses treatment methods of school bullying. The growing public awareness of school bullying does not necessarily mean the decreasing incidence of it. And school bullying intervention should be problem-based adopting interdisciplinary approaches. For example, legal researchers should set a bottom line of attacking behavior in order to prevent extreme malignance and produce warning effects. Educational researchers should refer to school intervention approaches from China and abroad, such as creating a positive school climate at the school level, carrying out anti-bullying program at the classroom level or providing counseling at the individual level. A fair, liberal, harmonious, supportive and safe environment is mentioned. Furthermore, we suggest that a good intervention program in place will make bullies unwilling to, unable to, and not daring to bully. Setting bottom line of the law makes bullies unable to do so. Behavioral control at schools prevents bullies from daring to do so. Psychological counseling or other psychological methods make bullies unwilling to do so by improving themselves inherently. Lastly, we point out that the connotation and extension of school bullying should be strictly defined and school bullying should not be intervened unlimitedly because conflicts can improve one's interpersonal skills in some way.

With the prevalence of new medium and violent games, the relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior has become a research focus again. However, controversy still exists regarding the causal relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior, including two opposite theoretical models: General Aggressive Model and Catalyst Model. According to the General Aggressive Model, the effects of media violence on aggressive behavior involve short-term and long-term effect, with different psychic mechanisms. However, such factors as children’s personality, initial aggressive level, their recognition of the role and characteristics of the game will play a regulatory role. In this regard, future studies will be conducted using new paradigms and techniques, in order to reach a relatively consistent conclusion.

Natural language processing (NLP) is one of the most important research branches of artificial intelligence (AI). With the boosting of computer performance and the construction of large-scale corpora in the last decade, NLP technology has made great progress and has been widely applied in various areas, especially in the field of education. Specifically, in this paper, we investigate the present research and the trends of NLP technology, and how NLP promotes the development of artificial intelligence in education (AIED) through studying and analyzing publications, reports, and speeches, etc. from eminent domestic and international AI specialists. We are aiming to explore the direction and trend of AIED in the future.

Music plays an important role both in one’s life and in a society and therefore attracts psychologists and neuroscientists to explore intensively and extensively the psychological mechanisms and neural basis of human musical mind. This paper reviewed the major research advances and results in the areas of cognitive processing and emotional experience of music, the individual differences in responding to and enjoying music, and the implications of psychological and neuro-scientific research on music. The concluding remarks addressed the key issues in current studies as well as directions for future research in the area of music, mind and brain.

Based on ten national survey data sets on Chinese college graduates’ employment status from 2003 to 2021, this paper conducts empirical analysis on employment characteristics and trend of Chinese college graduates. The main conclusions are as follows. First, from the perspective of graduation destination, the proportion of formal employment has reached a new low level, while the proportion of further education continues to rise. The placement rate has declined, and the unemployment rate has rebounded. The placement rates of graduates with different educational levels tends to converge. Second, from the perspective of employment quality, the higher the graduates’ education level, the higher the starting salary and the faster the salary grows. There is a L-shaped downward trend in relative starting salary. Nearly 50% of graduates have lower starting salaries than expected. Employment satisfaction is on a fluctuating upward trend. Third, from the perspective of employment structure, the employment proportion in large and medium-sized cities exceeds 80%. The employment proportion of private enterprises has jumped to first place. The employment proportion of enterprises increases at the beginning and then decreases, which exceeds 50%. Career types shift from homogenization towards diversification, then back to homogenization. The education industry has become the preferred choice for graduates. Fourth, from the perspective of employment matching, the proportion of education-job match first decreases and then increases, exceeding 70%. The proportion of major-job mismatch is about 40%. Fifth, from the perspective of job-searching status, schools are the main source of job-searching information. The number of job applications has not gradually increased over time, and some graduates have obtained job opportunities but do not accept. Expenses on human relationship, transportation and clothing are the three major job-searching expenses. Ability is the most important factor that affects employment outcomes. Graduates have stable career intentions, attaching importance to prospects and income.

Since the beginning of the new century, New Education Initiative has clung to various value criteria such as persisting idealism, in-depth field consciousness, cooperative attitude of living together, and compassionate public welfare. Taking teacher growth as the logical starting point, “Ten Actions” incorporating building a scholarly campus and related courses as the path, and helping members of the new education community “live a happy life full of education” as the goal, New Education Experiment has undergone fruitful exploration. In the past two decades, some educational philosophy and actions proposed by New Education Initiative including “teacher growth model” and “creating a scholarly campus” have played a vital role in promoting teacher professional development, building a society with reading atmosphere, and facilitating mutual education among families, schools, communities and governments. They have also made positive contributions to giving impetus to the combination of educational theory and practice, combating educational alienation, returning to the essence of education, and improving the regional education ecology on a large scale. Looking forward to the future, we will continue to consummate the curriculum system, build up trial future learning centres, explore the teacher training system, strive to make New Education Initiative as a banner of quality-oriented education and become a new school of education rooted in China.

As the latest breakthrough in artificial intelligence, ChatGPT has attracted widespread attention and discussion in the field of education since its release, requiring an analysis and exploration of its impact on teachers’ work from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Drawing upon the theoretical ideas of Biesta’s “weakness of education” and Dewey’s “philosophy of communicative action”, this paper deeply considers the essence of the integration between ChatGPT and education. According to different ways of thinking about “strong education” and “weak education”, teachers and schools have different degrees of replaceability. Teachers should pay attention to the value orientation of education, grasp the essence of education, seize the opportunities brought by ChatGPT in personalized learning, teacher workload, and teacher self-growth, and actively respond to the challenges brought by ChatGPT in learning objectives, teaching processes and design, and evaluation methods. Starting from the fundamental task of education and “competency-based suyang” education, and focusing on the digital information literacy of educators, this paper proposes new requirements for the structure of teachers’ competency in the new era: the ability to lide shuren (cultivate moral character and educate students), professional ethics in the digital age, the ability to integrate artificial intelligence into teaching, and the ability to update the curriculum, learning, teaching, and evaluation.

Based on the national education statistics of 2003 and 2013, this paper aims to make comparison between China's urban and rural areas in basic education resource allocation, its development and the urban-rural differences. The comparison shows that the rural basic education resources lag behind in faculty, books, and computers. Moreover, the urban-rural gap in pre-school education and high school education is broadening, which has probably become the most hazardous issue in China's basic education. Therefore, only emphasizing on the urban-rural balance in compulsory education won't help address the situation of unequal educational opportunities for rural children.#br#This paper focuses on the potential social consequences caused by such disparity. The"education chain" refers to the complete sequence of education nodes ranging from basic education to higher education and it contributes to the understanding of possible education path choices at individual and family level. In summary, the urban-rural differences in allocating basic education resources can cause at least three consequences as follows:#br#A. Influence on rural students. Compared with urban students, rural students' academic performance is poor and the completion rate of"education chain" is much lower, affected by disproportionate distribution of educational resources.#br#B. Influence on educational equity. The rural-urban disparity in basic education resources centers on the period of high school, which is regarded as the last"opportunity" to transfer from basic education into higher education in the"education chain". Therefore, it is biased to attribute the inferior position of rural students' access to higher education to the inequitable urban-rural higher education. The key factor is the inequitable urban-rural enrolling opportunity in secondary education. The urban-rural inequality of access to senior secondary education from junior secondary school continues to expand, resulting in the decline of opportunities for rural students' admission to college. Its root cause lies in the disparity between rural and urban basic education resources allocation. #br#C. Influence on rural education. Due to the huge urban-rural difference in education resources, individuals and families have to come to realize that the sooner they choose urban education, the more likely they will finish the whole"education chain". As a consequence, they tend to use all sorts of capital reasonably to achieve children's fulfillment of"education chain" in the city, which directly lead to the loss of rural student pool.#br#Although great achievements have been made in China's rural basic education in the past 30 years, the urban-rural difference and its negative effects remain to be the bottleneck of basic education and block the progress of social development. The distribution of urban and rural basic education resources reflects the imbalance between urban and rural interest structure in China's society, and eliminating such negative effects depends on breaking the dual social structure in urban and rural areas.

In April, 2016, the Education Supervision Committee under the State Council, People's Republic of China issued the Circular on Handling School Bullying, aiming to tackle the deliberate or violate insulation and injuries caused by physical, verbal and cyber means among primary and second students nationwide in China. Then in Sep.11^th, 2016, China Ministry of Education and other nine departments issued the Guidance of Anti-School Bullying and Violence to prevent the occurrence of school bullying and school violence through educational preventions, legal punishments and the comprehensive resolutions and regulations. #br#At present, school bullying has become a great social and governmental concern. However, there is no shared definition of school bullying and violence though it is highly discussed in the academic community. The difference between school bullying and violence is important for further prevention and discussion. An explicit concept of school bullying is the prerequisite of efficient ways of curbing school bullying and school violence. The concept of school bullying is not the same as that of school violence.#br#In this article, the author argues that the concept of school bullying should be defined narrowly and such bullying phenomenon as out-of-school invasion, teachers as the victims should not be included. The narrow meaning of school bullying is an aggressively, constantly physical or psychological behavior among students or teachers that involves a really mental torture in kindergartens, primary and secondary schools and some other places. The characteristic of the narrow meaning of school bullying involve three aspects.#br#First, it occurs in kindergartens, primary and secondly schools and some other reasonable places. Second, the bullies should be related to the victims. As for the kindergarten, primary and secondly school students, the closer one are their teachers and peer buddies. Third, teachers as the victims are not included. Fourth, school bullying has a constant and permanent influence. Fifth, the victims have to suffer from it unwillingly. Sixth, school bullying does harm to the students. Seventh, school bullying includes different actions such as making threats, stealing, spreading rumors, attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purposes, etc.. #br#Besides, the article discusses the legal liabilities caused by school bullying (the student, the teacher and the administrator as the bully), which include civil liabilities, administrative liabilities and criminal liabilities. In conclusion, the author argues that only by improving the related laws and regulations and defining the liabilities can we prevent and reduce school bullying by law.

As a large model based on general artificial intelligence, ChatGPT can provide generative information acquisition services, and its functions far exceed any previous retrieval and search tools. Its appearance will also have a profound impact on education. This paper analyzes the influence of ChatGPT on education through literature research and other methods, analyzes and demonstrates its underlying logic of reshaping education from the perspective of brain science, knowledge view, and educational metacognition, and proposes its possible path to reshape education. The article believes that the impact of ChatGPT on education will mainly change education profoundly in the fields of the effectiveness of traditional educational tools, knowledge value theory, resource form, learning model, evaluation methods, and human-machine collaboration IQ. Its change in education conforms to the essence of brain science, echoes with the concept of knowledge, and also conforms to educational values. The birth of ChatGPT gave birth to a new form of education. In the future, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of human-computer collaborative IQ, educational evaluation systems, and computing-based teaching strategy models, and accelerate the revolutionary reshaping of human education.

Based on ten national survey data sets on Chinese college graduates’ employment status from 2003 to 2021, this paper conducts empirical analysis on employment characteristics and trend of Chinese college graduates. The main conclusions are as follows. First, from the perspective of graduation destination, the proportion of formal employment has reached a new low level, while the proportion of further education continues to rise. The placement rate has declined, and the unemployment rate has rebounded. The placement rates of graduates with different educational levels tends to converge. Second, from the perspective of employment quality, the higher the graduates’ education level, the higher the starting salary and the faster the salary grows. There is a L-shaped downward trend in relative starting salary. Nearly 50% of graduates have lower starting salaries than expected. Employment satisfaction is on a fluctuating upward trend. Third, from the perspective of employment structure, the employment proportion in large and medium-sized cities exceeds 80%. The employment proportion of private enterprises has jumped to first place. The employment proportion of enterprises increases at the beginning and then decreases, which exceeds 50%. Career types shift from homogenization towards diversification, then back to homogenization. The education industry has become the preferred choice for graduates. Fourth, from the perspective of employment matching, the proportion of education-job match first decreases and then increases, exceeding 70%. The proportion of major-job mismatch is about 40%. Fifth, from the perspective of job-searching status, schools are the main source of job-searching information. The number of job applications has not gradually increased over time, and some graduates have obtained job opportunities but do not accept. Expenses on human relationship, transportation and clothing are the three major job-searching expenses. Ability is the most important factor that affects employment outcomes. Graduates have stable career intentions, attaching importance to prospects and income.

ChatGPT, as a representative of AIGC, has a significant impact on education. It empowers teaching by shifting the teaching model from “teacher-student” to “teacher-computer-student”, promoting the shift of teaching content from manual production to intelligent production, and catalyzing the assessment model of “knowledge + literacy”. ChatGPT also empowers learning by promoting the ubiquitization of learning space, meeting the personalized needs for full coverage of the learning process, and forming a human-computer collaborative learning mode. Additionally, ChatGPT empowers education by promoting higher-order ability cultivation and comprehensive literacy cultivation, and innovating the education model of discipline integration. To cope with the impact caused by ChatGPT, we must pay full attention, think calmly, and respond positively. This requires us to accelerate the development of high-level competing products with localized characteristics and to thoroughly study the laws of intelligent pedagogy with human-computer synergy. It also involves handling the important relationships between change and invariance, equity and efficiency in education, and the specialization and universality of technology. Besides, it's important to correctly grasp the direction and development of integration of AI technology and education, and lead the transformation of education system structure and operation mechanism.

Artificial intelligence (AI) education in primary and secondary schools has just started in China. Lack of unified curriculum standards, we still face many difficulties in the curriculum nature and objectives, textbooks development, and academic evaluation. To address this issue, East China Normal University and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory jointly developed the Artificial Intelligence Curriculum Guidelines for Primary and Secondary Schools. The proposed guidelines has six parts including course nature and basic concept, core competency and curriculum objectives, course structure, course content and requirements, academic evaluation standards and implementation suggestions. We aim to construct a scientific and open curriculum guidelines for AI education in primary and secondary schools and simultaneously provide a reference for the construction of an AI education system in China.

A text-based artificial intelligence application called ChatGPT has sparked attention from all walks of life upon its launch, and its demonstrated value of educational innovation has been hotly debated in particular. Thanks to its advanced algorithms, powerful computing capabilities and massive data base, ChatGPT can learn on its own when interacting with users, thus intelligently providing Q&A, translation, writing and other services. In addition, the newly-released upgraded version of ChatGPT—GPT-4 can also better solve real-time problems, reason logically and write creatively. In the field of education, ChatGPT can be used as a teaching tool, answer professional academic questions, build autonomous learning platforms, save human resources costs, and reconstruct school education structures, providing many development opportunities for educational innovation. However, it also brings some risks and challenges, impacting the role of teachers, the goals of talent cultivation, the traditional school order, and exposes typical issues such as technological dependence, academic misconduct, and intelligent discrimination. Currently, technological renovation is pressing educational innovation step by step, which requires us to approach new technologies positively and cautiously, achieving self-reliance and strength in intelligent technology by strengthening organized scientific research, building a national digital security barrier through revising relevant laws, enhancing application service transparency by clarifying digital education standards, and transforming talent cultivation concepts to form flexible thinking in education evaluation. Based on all this, we must make every effort to create a new form of human civilization in the process of moving towards human-machine co-teaching.

陶行知先生是我国近代创造教育的开拓者。针对旧中国教育脱离实际的严重弊端, 他提出旨在造就创造型人才，培养创新精神创造教育思想。这个思想主要以“行是知之始，知是行之成”为理论依据，以生活为教育内容，强调教学做合一; 力图通过“六大解放、“三个需要”、“一大条件”来解放、培养并发展学生的创造力; 同时采取启发、自动、手脑并用等方法实施创造教育。这是一种具有中国特征，又反映现代教育理论发展趋势的新的教育理论。它不仅为中国教育理论宝库作出了独特贡献，而且对于我国当社会主义教育事业的改革与发展有着重要的现实意义。

The digital transformation in education is an inevitable result of the developing affordance of digital technology for education. This paper discusses the barriers, difficulties, and coping strategies in the educational digital transformation. It first describes three stages of future panoramic transformation of education: infrastructure upgrading, learning mode reforming, and educational process reengineering. The digital transformation of education, as a technology-involved innovative social revolution, is not bound to be a smooth journey. The interaction between technologies and education subjects is affected by multiple factors, thus leading to various corresponding difficulties and obstacles. The surface difficulties mainly come from the barriers of technological availability in building the new education infrastructure, referring to limited investments (e.g., human & financial) and technical bottlenecks. The deep difficulties mean educational subjects’ (e.g., teachers, students, & parents) action obstacles. The core difficulty is how to improve the consensus on digital educational innovation and how to deal with the relationship between humans and technology. To solve the core difficulty of educational digital transformation, it is necessary to carry out structural reform in education and strengthen the basic research of learning science to have a deep understanding of the process and mechanism of education with digital transformation. Finally, this paper puts forward several practical strategies to solve these difficulties from three levels: foundation-building strategies, empowering strategies, and exploring strategies.

Higher-order thinking is a key competence for individuals to adapt to external environments and cope with future challenges. The theory of constructivism argues that people do not passively receive information from the environment, but actively construct knowledge to update their mental models. In authentic learning contexts, higher-order thinking manifests as the ability to identify the connection between prior knowledge and external information, transfer background knowledge to a new situation, and solve complex problems that do not have definite answers. Higher-order thinking is not a single thought process, but a complex cognitive process in which multiple mental operations coordinately work together. The conceptual framework of higher-order thinking incorporates the analysis of problem situations, the identification and formation of the relationship between old and new knowledge, the synthesis of information from different dimensions, the creation of new knowledge, and the monitoring, management and adjustment of the thinking process. The conceptual framework explains how the five cognitive components influence each other and synergistically regulate the process of cognitive development. The framework provides a new theoretical perspective for interpreting higher-order thinking, and lays a theoretical foundation for in-depth research on the developmental mechanism of higher-order thinking.

The models used in Latent Class Analysis and Latent Profile Analysis are collectively referred to as latent class models, a kind of statistical methods of classifying individuals according to their different response patterns in observation indicators, so as to identify population heterogeneity. It has attracted increasing attention from applied researchers in the fields of pedagogy, psychology, and other social science disciplines. However, it is not easy for most education researchers to understand the existing Chinese literature on the statistical principles and analytical procedures of such models. This paper systematically introduces the basic knowledge, statistical principles, analytical procedures and Mplus programs of latent class models, and clarifies various methods and selection strategies involved in the subsequent analysis of these models. It would help applied researchers enhance their understanding of the principles and methods of the latent class models, and promote the application of these models to educational research.

The ChatGPT has both positive and negative effects on education. The field of education should consider not only how to empower students to meet the challenges posed by AI, but also how to develop students’ competency to adapt to AI. In this paper, we refer to this competency as AI competency, i.e., the core competency of students with both domain specificity and domain generality cultivated through AI education. AI competency is a new competency arising from the development of AI technology. Technology ontology, philosophical epistemology and educational psychology are interconnected to understand the essence and composition of AI competency. From the perspective of technology ontology, this paper analyzes the essence of AI competency-the technicalization of human beings. From the perspective of philosophical epistemology and educational psychology, this paper analyzes the composition of AI competency. Key competency development is essentially a dynamic transformation process of “knowledge and thinking”. Affectivity, as a knowledge-derived emotional experience, not only nourishes the process of knowledge construction and thinking development, but also serves as the foundation and source for acquiring moral conceptions. Thus, the interplay of knowledge, affectivity and thinking underpins the logic of students’ AI competency. In this vein, this paper constructs an evaluation system of AI competency based on three dimensions: AI knowledge, AI affectivity, and AI thinking.

西蒙(Simon, 1916—2001)是当代著名的心理学家和经济学家, 也是最出名的多学科专家。西蒙的心理学思想主要表现在管理心理学和认知心理学上, 他是现代管理决策理论的创立者, 也是信息加工心理学的奠基者, 提出了著名的“物理符号系统假设”。本文阐述了管理决策理论的理论基础、决策的原则、类型和决策过程中的信息问题, 描述了信息加工心理学的基本原理、人类认知的基本过程和重要的人类认知现象, 并在此基础上对西蒙的心理学思想进行了评价。

Saturation has become an important criterion to judge the quality of qualitative research and explain the rationality of sample size. This paper systematically and critically reviews the literature and introduces three types of saturation: theoretical saturation, thematical saturation and data saturation and points out that researchers should consider their own overall research design to decide which model to adopt. The paper also introduces three ways to record the process of saturation. Among them, the structural coding book is more suitable for recording deductive thematical saturation and data saturation. There are two types of saturation tables which are more suitable for recording a prior thematical saturation. The conceptual depth scale is particularly suitable for recording theoretical saturation. This paper points out that saturation is a process rather than an event. Quality rather than quantity is the key to understand saturation. Saturation itself should be a concrete methodology practice. Researchers should pay attention to the concept of saturation and make a clear statement of the process of achieving saturation, which can help to improve the standardization, transparency, quality and recognition of qualitative research.

社会不仅是遥不可及的宏观环境或大环境, 它也如同家庭和学校一样是个体直接参与并生活于其中的一种微观环境, 然而这种个体发展的“社会微环境”一直没能在心理学领域得到重视。本文从理论背景、概念定义、基本特性等方面对“社会微环境”这一主题进行了初步的理论建构, 并期望推动它进入学术的视野, 成为今后心理发展研究关注的重要环境变量。

人—情境整体交互作用理论是关于个体功能与发展的理论, 对发展心理学中如何理解人的发展以及如何进行科学研究具有重要的启示意义, 为当前发展心理学的理论、方法和研究取向注入了新的气息和新的力量。

As the latest breakthrough in artificial intelligence, ChatGPT has attracted widespread attention and discussion in the field of education since its release, requiring an analysis and exploration of its impact on teachers’ work from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Drawing upon the theoretical ideas of Biesta’s “weakness of education” and Dewey’s “philosophy of communicative action”, this paper deeply considers the essence of the integration between ChatGPT and education. According to different ways of thinking about “strong education” and “weak education”, teachers and schools have different degrees of replaceability. Teachers should pay attention to the value orientation of education, grasp the essence of education, seize the opportunities brought by ChatGPT in personalized learning, teacher workload, and teacher self-growth, and actively respond to the challenges brought by ChatGPT in learning objectives, teaching processes and design, and evaluation methods. Starting from the fundamental task of education and “competency-based suyang” education, and focusing on the digital information literacy of educators, this paper proposes new requirements for the structure of teachers’ competency in the new era: the ability to lide shuren (cultivate moral character and educate students), professional ethics in the digital age, the ability to integrate artificial intelligence into teaching, and the ability to update the curriculum, learning, teaching, and evaluation.

为了解决教师的角色冲突, 改进学科研究也不无必要。教育社会学因本身所具学科性质而对此已有长期研究, 且已被正确地寄予更多的希望。然而, 该学科的研究实况离预期相去甚远已非一朝一夕。因此, 有必要识别和改进其不足之处, 使之能够名至实归地推进角色冲突理论的发展和教师角色冲突的解决。当务之急宜从较为具体的教师角色冲突解决方法入手, 共同地在三个方面做出努力:梳理杂乱无章的现有论述, 涉及尚未涉及的突出问题, 以及拓宽系于一途的研究取向。换言之, 本文是以教师角色冲突解决方法为个案, 关于改进教育社会学研究的探讨。

幼稚园行为课程是由张雪门先生创编的。其基本观点是:幼稚园的课程就是“给三足岁到六足岁的孩子所能够做而且喜欢做的经验的预备。”幼稚园行为课程的目标是以社会需要为远景, 以儿童个体发展需要为近景的促进儿童身心全面发展的目标。幼稚园行为课程的内容为儿童的诸般活动、儿童的自然环境和社会环境。幼稚园行为课程的实施包括动机、目的、活动、活动过程、工具及材料。幼稚园行为课程的基本思想是“生活即教育”、“行为即课程”, 不仅反动了当时幼稚教育中普遍存在的教育与儿童实际生活相脱节的现象, 而且对当今的基础教育课程改革有重要的借鉴与启发意义。

综观主要来自我国心理学界的认知神经科学研究工作及其重要成果, 从认知行为的神经机制研究、认知行为心理学理论的神经科学研究、基于脑神经机理构建认知行为心理机制理论模型的研究这三个研究层面评述其对我国心理学发展的学术意义和研究贡献。文章指出, 认知神经科学研究强有力地推动了我国心理学的发展, 但其尚难以满足心理现象因果解释的要求, 不能替代心理科学研究本身。心理学研究者掌握和运用认知神经科学研究方法和技术, 旨在使其“服务”于心理学研究, 从认知行为的脑神经机制的探索中获得启发而构建心理学理论, 这是认知神经科学研究对心理学研究的真正学术意义之所在, 目前我国心理学领域在这方面的研究相对不足应引起重视。

研究了小学生对不同语言形式教师评价的认知和偏好。结果表明:⑴评价语言形式影响小学生对他人和自我的认知。名词评价被认知为更强, 更稳定和更有适应性。⑵小学生对不同语言形式的教师评价有不同偏好。被表扬时, 更喜欢名词评价; 被批评时, 更喜欢非名词评价。

Although many people rightly believe that exam-oriented education hinders the development of Chinese students’ creativity, there is no basic evidence to prove that the overall creativity level of Chinese students is lower than that of other countries. Therefore, it should not be simply asserted that exam-oriented education restricts the cultivation of Chinese students’ creativity. But this does not mean that exam-oriented education has nothing to do with students’ creativity. A reasonable explanation is that exam-oriented education has different effects on different types of students. It is effective in “raising the bottom”, but it will obviously hinder the creativity of top students. This is supported by many direct and indirect factual evidence. Although the number of highly creative students accounts for a small proportion, their creativity is affected, which is related to national security and competitiveness and deserves attention and vigilance. Exam-oriented education has a significant negative impact on the creativity level of top students, which does not mean that other groups of students are not affected by it. But in the environment of exam-oriented education, the top students are more affected and restricted. Using the analytical framework provided by the “the componential theory of creativity”, this negative impact can work through three mechanisms, that is, reducing the width and depth of top students’ knowledge mastery, reducing the spirit of adventure and questioning, as well as the tolerant attitude towards uncertainty, and weakening the internal motivation of learning.