从教育人口学视角看，高质量在校模式是教育高质量发展的重要组成部分。教育高质量发展要求下，高质量在校模式应具有“五高”特征：学龄高充分、群体高公平、区域高均衡、各级高效率和总体高预期。1990—2020年4次全国人口普查数据显示我国在校模式演进呈如下特征与不足：（1）基础教育年龄段已基本实现“学龄高充分”，不充分主要表现在高等教育年龄段；（2）以性别差异为代表的群体间差异已逐级趋于公平，未来男性低于女性的趋势值得关注；（3）在校模式区域不均衡的格局没有改变，高中及以上教育年龄段城乡差距较大；（4）目前各级教育在校模式已进入向“高效率”转变的发展阶段，但超龄人口在校情况仍较为突出；（5）预期受教育年数与发达国家相比仍有近一个教育级别之差，制约我国“总体高预期”的主要节点在于高中在校率的巩固和研究生入学率的提升。研究认为，目前迫切需要以2035年进入创新型国家前列为目标，补齐基础教育在校模式短板，重点推进高等教育发展，促进我国在校模式向第二、三级高质量递进升级。

From the perspective of educational demography, high-quality student-in-school pattern is an important part of the high-quality development of education. Under the requirements of high-quality development of education, high-quality student-in-school pattern should have the characteristics of “five highs”: high attendance among school age population, high equity among groups, high balance among regions, high efficiency at all levels of school, high expected years of schooling. The data from the four national censuses from 1990 to 2020 show that the evolution of our country’s student-in-school pattern has the following characteristics and shortcomings. (1) The basic education age group has basically achieved “high attendance among school age population”, and insufficient school attendance is mainly manifested in the tertiary education age group. (2) The inter-group differences represented by gender differences have gradually become fair, and the trend that men’s inter-group differences will be lower than women’s in the future should deserve attention. (3) The pattern of regional imbalance in student-in-school pattern has not changed, and there is a large gap between urban and rural areas in the age group of high school and above. (4) At present, all levels of student-in-school pattern have entered a stage of development towards “high efficiency”, but overage school attendance is still prominent. (5) The expected years of schooling is still nearly one education level away from developed countries, the main nodes restricting “high expected years of schooling” in our country are the consolidation of student-in-school rate in high school and the improvement of the graduate enrollment rate. The research suggests that it is urgent to make up for the shortcomings of students-in-school pattern in the basic education, focus on promoting the development of tertiary education, to promote our country’s student-in-school pattern to the second and third high-quality progressive upgrades with the goal of entering the forefront of innovative countries in 2035.