A Study on the Inequality of Basic Education Expenditure per Student in China: Based on the Gini Coefficient and Theil Index

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2022.01.005

Abstract

Abstract:

The equity of expenditure per student on basic education affects the equity of educational process and outcome. Based on the data of expenditure per student on basic education and the data of current students from 1995 to 2018, this paper estimates the equity degree of expenditure per student on basic education in China by calculating the Gini coefficient and Theil index. It is found that the equity of expenditure per student on basic education is generally at a “relatively fair” and “relatively reasonable” level and became more equitable from 1995 to 2018. The inter-provincial difference of basic education expenditure per student is greater than the regional difference. The expenditure of basic education per student in eastern China varies greatly among provinces, and the degree of equity is low. The fairness of the average expenditure of senior high school students tends to decrease. According to the research findings, relevant policy recommendations are put forward.

Key words: basic education, education expenditure per student, education equity, Gini coefficient, Theil index

Lele Geng. A Study on the Inequality of Basic Education Expenditure per Student in China: Based on the Gini Coefficient and Theil Index[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2022, 40(1): 60-73.

Figures/Tables 9

年份	小学					初中					高中
年份	Theil	T_b	T_w	CT_b (%)	CT_w (%)	Theil	T_b	T_w	CT_b (%)	CT_w (%)	Theil	T_b	T_w	CT_b (%)	CT_w (%)
1995	0.074	0.022	0.052	29.7	70.3	0.048	0.020	0.028	41.7	58.3	0.091	0.037	0.054	40.7	59.3
1996	0.069	0.021	0.048	30.4	69.6	0.052	0.016	0.036	30.8	69.2	0.086	0.042	0.044	48.8	51.2
1997	0.081	0.025	0.056	30.9	69.1	0.090	0.015	0.043	16.7	83.3	0.092	0.047	0.045	51.1	48.9
1998	0.084	0.025	0.060	29.8	70.2	0.066	0.017	0.048	25.8	74.2	0.082	0.036	0.045	43.9	56.1
1999	0.094	0.029	0.065	30.9	69.1	0.082	0.023	0.059	28.0	72.0	0.080	0.032	0.048	40.0	60.0
2000	0.100	0.033	0.067	33.0	67.0	0.093	0.029	0.064	31.2	68.8	0.074	0.037	0.038	50.0	50.0
2001	0.081	0.020	0.061	24.7	75.3	0.092	0.028	0.064	30.4	69.6	0.084	0.035	0.049	41.7	58.3
2002	0.099	0.032	0.068	32.3	67.7	0.099	0.033	0.066	33.3	66.7	0.088	0.038	0.050	43.2	56.8
2003	0.111	0.038	0.073	34.2	65.8	0.119	0.043	0.076	36.1	63.9	0.103	0.046	0.057	44.7	55.3
2004	0.109	0.037	0.072	33.9	66.1	0.127	0.046	0.081	36.2	63.8	0.110	0.049	0.060	44.5	55.5
2005	0.099	0.034	0.065	34.3	65.7	0.119	0.043	0.076	36.1	63.9	0.109	0.052	0.057	47.7	52.3
2006	0.094	0.029	0.064	30.9	69.1	0.110	0.038	0.072	34.5	65.5	0.103	0.050	0.053	48.5	51.5
2007	0.087	0.025	0.063	28.7	71.3	0.096	0.031	0.065	32.3	67.7	0.089	0.036	0.053	40.4	59.6
2008	0.085	0.020	0.065	23.5	76.5	0.075	0.018	0.057	24.0	76.0	0.085	0.031	0.053	36.5	63.5
2009	0.088	0.019	0.069	21.6	78.4	0.078	0.015	0.063	19.2	80.8	0.082	0.031	0.051	37.8	62.2
2010	0.093	0.024	0.069	25.8	74.2	0.089	0.020	0.069	22.5	77.5	0.084	0.029	0.055	34.5	65.5
2011	0.088	0.021	0.067	23.9	76.1	0.081	0.016	0.065	19.8	80.2	0.079	0.025	0.054	31.6	68.4
2012	0.070	0.013	0.057	18.6	81.4	0.068	0.010	0.058	14.7	85.3	0.063	0.016	0.047	25.4	74.6
2013	0.069	0.013	0.056	18.8	81.2	0.067	0.011	0.056	16.4	83.6	0.074	0.018	0.055	24.3	75.7
2014	0.064	0.011	0.053	17.2	82.8	0.063	0.011	0.052	17.5	82.5	0.083	0.022	0.060	26.5	73.5
2015	0.053	0.009	0.044	17.0	83.0	0.054	0.010	0.045	18.5	81.5	0.074	0.023	0.051	31.1	68.9
2016	0.055	0.008	0.047	14.5	85.5	0.057	0.011	0.046	19.3	80.7	0.082	0.024	0.058	29.3	70.7
2017	0.052	0.009	0.043	17.3	82.7	0.058	0.013	0.044	22.4	77.6	0.078	0.025	0.053	32.1	67.9
2018	0.048	0.009	0.039	18.8	81.3	0.057	0.014	0.043	24.6	75.4	0.077	0.028	0.049	36.4	63.6

References 0

	迟巍,钱晓烨,吴斌珍.（2011）.家庭教育支出平等性的实证研究.教育与经济,2011, (4), 34-37+44.
	耿乐乐. (2020). 义务教育生均经费支出更公平了吗?——基于1995—2016年生均经费基尼系数的测算. 教育学术月刊, (2), 50—55.
	胡耀宗. (2012). 省域高等教育财政差异实证分析. 教育发展研究, (1), 36—40.
	龙舟, 刘朝. (2007). 教育生均预算内经费的地区差异研究——基于统计学方法及基尼系数的测算. 科学管理研究, (6), 81—84.
	李茂能. (2004). 各种Gini系数指标的相对效能分析: 以教育成就模拟资料为例. 国民教育研究学报, (13), 1—50.
	李伟. (2018). 不平衡不充分的发展主要表现在六个方面[EB/OL]. https://mini.eastday.com/a/180114014433417.html.
	林涛, 成刚. (2008). 我国教育经费公平程度的经验研究. 统计与决策, (6), 79—81.
	卢晓旭, 陆玉麒, 周永博, 袁宗金. (2011). 我国教育经费区域差异及教育公平演进研究. 江苏教育研究, (1), 19—24.
	綦路, 陈蔚. (2019). 不平等指数相对性指标的几何图解与实例对比. 统计与决策, (4), 15—20.
	王善迈, 杜育红, 刘远新. (1998). 我国教育发展不平衡的实证分析. 教育研究, (6), 19—23.
	杨颖秀. (2005). 基础教育生均预算内公用经费支出的基尼系数考查. 教育研究, (9), 53—58.
	叶杰, 周佳民. (2017). 中国生均教育经费支出的省际差异: 内在结构、发展趋势与财政性原因. 教育发展研究, (23), 30—41.
	叶平, 张传萍. (2007). 基础教育生均预算内公用经费基尼系数的再考查——兼与杨颖秀教授商榷. 教育研究, (2), 48—55.
	张荣馨. (2020). 中央政府推进义务教育财政公平的政策影响研究. 清华大学教育研究, (1), 44—54.
	张炜, 时腾飞. (2009). 我国区域教育经费支出公平性的实证研究——省际各级教育支出基尼系数的测算与比较: 1996—2006年. 中国高教研究, (7), 14—17.
	赵雨涵, 张勋, 何佳佳. (2017). 中国义务教育经费支出的均衡性分析. 经济统计学(季刊), (2), 205—219.
	祝梅娟. (2003). 我国省际间教育投入公平状况的实证研究. 经济问题探索, (2), 121—124.
	Chi, W. & Qian, X. . (2016). Human capital investment in children: an empirical study of household child education expenditure in china, 2007 and 2011. China Economic Review, (37), 52—65.
	Deng, Q. & Xue, J Multivariate Tobit system estimation of education expenditure in urban China The Singapore Economic Review 2014 1 14 Deng, Q. & Xue, J. (2014). Multivariate Tobit system estimation of education expenditure in urban China. The Singapore Economic Review, (1), 14.
	Gustafsson, B. & Li, S. (2004). Expenditures on education and health care and poverty in rural China. China Economic Review, (3), 292–301.
	Jenkins, S. P. (2019). INEQDECO: Stata module to calculate inequality indices with decomposition by subgroup. http://fmwww.bc.edu/repec/bocode/i/ineqdeco.hlp.
	Kakwani, N. C. (1977). Measurement of Tax Progressivity: An International Comparison. The Economic Journal, 345(87): 71—80.
	O'Neill, D . (1995). Education and Income Growth: Implications for Cross-Country Inequality. Journal of Political Economy, (6), 1289—1301.
	Song, Y. & Zhou, G. . (2019). Inequality of opportunity and household education expenditures: evidence from panel data in china. China Economic Review, (55), 85—98.
	Tsang, Mun C. (1994). Costs of Education in China: Issues of Resource Mobilization, Equality, Equity, and Efficiency. Education Economics, (3), 287—12.
	Tsang, Mun C. & Ding, Yanqing. (2005). Resource Utilization and Disparities in Compulsory Education in China[J]. China Review, (1), 1—31.
	Varughese, A. R. & Bairagya, I . (2020). Group-based educational inequalities in India: Have major education policy interventions been effective?. International Journal of Educational Development, (73), 39—52.
	Yang Jun, Huang Xiao & Liu Xin. (2014). An analysis of education inequality in China. International Journal of Educational Development, (4), 2—10.

年份	东部		中部		西部
年份	Gini	Theil	Gini	Theil	Gini	Theil
1995	0.155	0.040	0.097	0.015	0.103	0.021
1996	0.173	0.053	0.085	0.012	0.126	0.032
1997	0.190	0.072	0.085	0.012	0.128	0.028
1998	0.212	0.081	0.087	0.013	0.134	0.032
1999	0.231	0.097	0.114	0.023	0.130	0.030
2000	0.244	0.105	0.124	0.027	0.122	0.025
2001	0.245	0.108	0.117	0.023	0.114	0.026
2002	0.248	0.108	0.130	0.028	0.129	0.030
2003	0.265	0.123	0.131	0.028	0.132	0.034
2004	0.262	0.132	0.136	0.032	0.133	0.033
2005	0.239	0.120	0.150	0.037	0.141	0.036
2006	0.220	0.113	0.156	0.039	0.130	0.031
2007	0.214	0.107	0.132	0.029	0.125	0.029
2008	0.195	0.096	0.131	0.028	0.117	0.026
2009	0.220	0.105	0.134	0.029	0.138	0.032
2010	0.234	0.112	0.134	0.029	0.143	0.037
2011	0.229	0.106	0.122	0.027	0.154	0.040
2012	0.223	0.097	0.119	0.024	0.154	0.038
2013	0.225	0.102	0.100	0.016	0.145	0.034
2014	0.213	0.096	0.090	0.013	0.143	0.032
2015	0.187	0.078	0.108	0.018	0.129	0.028
2016	0.188	0.081	0.117	0.021	0.122	0.025
2017	0.187	0.074	0.115	0.021	0.118	0.024
2018	0.189	0.075	0.095	0.014	0.110	0.021

[1]	Gang Li, Tao Xin. The Definition of Quality of Basic Education and the Theoretical Model for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2021, 39(4): 15-29.
[2]	Jiahui Zhang, Feng Li, Tao Xin. Method and Proposed Approach to Constructing the Index of Basic Education Quality [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2021, 39(4): 30-41.
[3]	Huijuan Chen, Tao Xin. The Evolution and Trend of China’s Basic Education Quality Monitoring and Evaluation System [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2021, 39(4): 42-52.
[4]	Xuan Yu. Regional Difference and Distribution Dynamics Evolution of Regular Senior Secondary School Education Funds in China: An Empirical Analysis Based on the Provincial Panel Data from 2005 to 2018 [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2021, 39(2): 115-126.
[5]	Huang Zhongjing, Sun Xiaoxue, Wang Qian. From Philosophical Research to Empirical Research: Paradigm Shift in Education Equity Research [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2020, 38(9): 119-136.
[6]	Wei Yi. In-school or Out-of-school: Household Spending on Children’s Basic Education in China [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2020, 38(5): 103-116.
[7]	Xiang Xianming. A Historical Perspective on the Two Education Initiatives of Alleviating Academic Burden in China Since 1949 [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2019, 37(5): 67-79.
[8]	CHEN Chunjin, GU Xiaoqing. Extended Compulsory Education and Reforms in Basic Education: Evidence from PISA 2015 Survey [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2018, 36(5): 71-82+167+168.
[9]	YAN Guangcai. The Choice of Academic Profession: Class Taste or Personal Opportunities [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2017, 35(6): 1-10+152.
[10]	WEI Xiaodong, YU Bing, YU Haibo. STEAM Education in America: Framework, Characteristic and Implication [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2017, 35(4): 40-46+134+135.
[11]	WEN Jun, GU Chudan. The Rural-urban Differences in Resources Allocation of Basic Education and Its Social Consequence: Base on the Analysis of China's Education Statistics [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2017, 35(2): 33-42+117.
[12]	Li Jia-cheng. On the Development Realm that Students Can Reach --- Based on the Study of Students Work Reform in “New Basic Education” [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2011, 29(1): 30-35.