Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 40-56.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2026.03.004

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Ten Years of Global Online Course Development in the Context of Digital Transformation: Proximity Effects in Disciplinary and Regional Growth

Jingjing Zhang1, Bo Yu2, An Zeng3   

  1. 1. Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
    2. Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
    3. School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
  • Online:2026-03-01 Published:2026-03-02

Abstract:

The development of online courses has become a critical driver of global higher education’s digital transformation, characterized by complex and dynamic patterns in disciplinary and regional evolution. Drawing on data from 168,115 courses offered by 965 universities and research institutions across 57 countries between 2012 and 2022, this study employs complex network analysis combined with the theories of comparative advantage and product space to construct a global digital course space and explore proximity effects in online course development. The results reveal a distinct “core-periphery” structure within the global digital course space. Over the long term, universities tend to develop courses closely aligned with their existing comparative advantages, demonstrating a reliance on proximity. In the short term, however, a greater emphasis on diversification is observed. Regionally, the degree of digital transformation in course development is strongly tied to national economic development, with North America maintaining significant advantages in traditional disciplines and emerging technologies, while developing nations lag behind in computer science and advanced technology. Additionally, the distribution of proximity within the course space significantly shapes the pathways of digital transformation, constraining the efficiency and scalability of course upgrading. This study suggests that universities need to strengthen their disciplinary comparative advantages by optimising their curricular structures, thereby advancing the digital transformation of higher education.

Key words: Digital Transformation, Online Courses, Comparative Advantage, Proximity Effect, Disciplinary Development, Regional Development