中国人文社会科学核心期刊华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (10): 64-83.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2025.10.005
常芳, 王雅洁, 马慧劼, 史耀疆
出版日期:2025-10-01
发布日期:2025-10-09
基金资助:Fang Chang, Yajie Wang, Huijie Ma, Yaojiang Shi
Online:2025-10-01
Published:2025-10-09
摘要:
社会情感能力与学生的人力资本发展密切相关。本文基于西北某省3市13县的田野调查数据,探究欠发达地区小学生社会情感能力的现状以及相关影响因素。研究发现:第一,女生、留守儿童、非寄宿学生、非单亲家庭、父母受教育水平越高和家庭经济状况越好的学生,其社会情感能力得分更高;第二,影响因素分析表明,家庭资产、理解型父母、亲子交流、与朋友玩耍、阅读课外书与学生社会情感能力的关系是正向的,而惩罚型父母和上网、玩手机等活动与学生的社会情感能力呈负向关系;第三,社会情感能力与学生的数学成绩、学校归属感、师生关系、校园欺凌以及心理健康显著相关;第四,在社会情感能力的国际比较中,苏州学生的社会情感能力高于大多国际同龄学生的水平,西北农村地区学生的宜人性处于国际学生的中间水平,但是社会情感能力的其他方面处于弱势。此外,国际趋势表现出女生、成绩较好的学生和家庭资产较高的学生在社会情感能力上普遍优于男生、成绩较差的学生和家庭资产较低的学生。因此,应更加重视处于教育资源不利地位的农村地区学生的社会情感能力培养,让学校和家庭共同联合促进学生的全面发展。
常芳, 王雅洁, 马慧劼, 史耀疆. 西北农村地区学生社会情感能力研究[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2025, 43(10): 64-83.
Fang Chang, Yajie Wang, Huijie Ma, Yaojiang Shi. A Study on the Social and Emotional Skills of Students in Rural Northwestern China[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2025, 43(10): 64-83.
表 1
变量的描述性统计"
| 变量类型 | 变量名 | 观测值 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 | |
| 社会情感能力变量 | 大五人格 | 外向性 | 3.329 | 0.545 | 1 | 5 | |
| 宜人性 | 3.820 | 0.639 | 1.222 | 5 | |||
| 尽责性 | 3.543 | 0.641 | 1 | 5 | |||
| 神经质性 | 2.865 | 0.628 | 1 | 5 | |||
| 开放性 | 3.529 | 0.608 | 1.400 | 5 | |||
| 成长型思维 | 0 | 1 | −3.865 | 1.837 | |||
| 控制变量 | 个体特征 | 性别(女生=1) | 0.496 | 0.500 | 0 | 1 | |
| 年龄(年) | 10.392 | 0.707 | 8.250 | 14.167 | |||
| 留守儿童(留守儿童=1) | 0.511 | 0.500 | 0 | 1 | |||
| 寄宿学生(寄宿学生=1) | 0.202 | 0.401 | 0 | 1 | |||
| 独生子女(独生子女=1) | 0.061 | 0.240 | 0 | 1 | |||
| 家庭特征 | 单亲家庭(单亲家庭=1) | 0.059 | 0.235 | 0 | 1 | ||
| 父亲受教育水平 (初中及以上=1,初中以下=0) | 0.665 | 0.472 | 0 | 1 | |||
| 母亲受教育水平 (初中及以上=1,初中以下=0) | 0.570 | 0.495 | 0 | 1 | |||
| 家庭资产 | −0.001 | 0.984 | −4.140 | 1.675 | |||
| 理解型父亲 | 2.345 | 0.762 | 1 | 4 | |||
| 惩罚型父亲 | 2.171 | 0.793 | 1 | 4 | |||
| 理解型母亲 | 2.467 | 0.792 | 1 | 4 | |||
| 惩罚型母亲 | 2.150 | 0.825 | 1 | 4 | |||
| 亲子交流(父亲) | 3.334 | 1.046 | 1 | 5 | |||
| 亲子交流(母亲) | 3.551 | 1.078 | 1 | 5 | |||
| 学校特征 | 班主任性别(女教师=1) | 180 | 0.730 | 0.444 | 0 | 1 | |
| 班主任教龄 | 180 | 11.753 | 9.040 | 0.500 | 51 | ||
| 学校规模 | 136 | 5.535 | 0.466 | 4.143 | 6.363 | ||
| 学校生师比 | 136 | 11.830 | 3.509 | 1.940 | 27.900 | ||
| 室内外活动 | 自己或者和朋友们一起玩 (不包括玩电子游戏) | 2.933 | 1.449 | 1 | 6 | ||
| 读课外书 | 2.878 | 1.272 | 1 | 6 | |||
| 看电视 | 2.505 | 1.290 | 1 | 6 | |||
| 上网、玩游戏、玩手机 | 2.125 | 1.422 | 1 | 6 | |||
| 做家务或帮父母干活 | 3.470 | 1.447 | 1 | 6 | |||
| 教育结果变量 | 标准化数学成绩 | 0 | 1 | −3.100 | 2.677 | ||
| 学校归属感 | 3.003 | 0.492 | 1 | 4 | |||
| 校园欺凌 | 2.022 | 0.820 | 1 | 4 | |||
| 师生关系 | 7.623 | 2.653 | 0 | 10 | |||
| 心理健康(SDQ) | 情绪问题 | 3.665 | 2.353 | 0 | 10 | ||
| 行为问题 | 2.768 | 1.855 | 0 | 10 | |||
| 多动症问题 | 3.434 | 1.961 | 0 | 10 | |||
| 同伴问题 | 3.409 | 1.717 | 0 | 10 | |||
| 亲社会行为 | 7.073 | 2.171 | 0 | 10 |
表 2
影响西北农村地区学生社会情感能力的相关因素"
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| 因变量:社会情感能力 | 外向性 | 宜人性 | 尽责性 | 神经质性 | 开放性 | 成长型思维 |
| 性别(女生=1) | −0.022 | 0.055*** | 0.039** | 0.062*** | 0.118*** | 0.059* |
| (0.016) | (0.018) | (0.019) | (0.020) | (0.019) | (0.030) | |
| 年龄(年) | −0.014 | −0.034*** | −0.028** | 0.014 | −0.023* | −0.058*** |
| (0.012) | (0.013) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.014) | (0.022) | |
| 留守儿童(留守儿童=1) | −0.010 | 0.020 | 0.037** | −0.017 | 0.013 | 0.066** |
| (0.016) | (0.019) | (0.018) | (0.021) | (0.018) | (0.030) | |
| 寄宿学生(寄宿学生=1) | −0.028 | −0.100*** | −0.035 | 0.027 | −0.064** | −0.076 |
| (0.022) | (0.031) | (0.025) | (0.023) | (0.026) | (0.050) | |
| 独生子女(独生子女=1) | −0.010 | −0.003 | −0.009 | 0.039 | 0.057 | 0.214*** |
| (0.035) | (0.042) | (0.037) | (0.043) | (0.040) | (0.060) | |
| 单亲家庭(单亲家庭=1) | −0.068* | −0.059 | −0.073* | 0.038 | −0.066* | −0.172*** |
| (0.034) | (0.037) | (0.040) | (0.036) | (0.038) | (0.065) | |
| 父亲受教育水平(初中及以上=1,初中以下=0) | 0.008 | 0.038* | 0.018 | −0.016 | 0.029 | 0.074** |
| (0.020) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.033) | |
| 母亲受教育水平(初中及以上=1,初中以下=0) | 0.019 | −0.011 | 0.022 | −0.007 | 0.030 | 0.001 |
| (0.019) | (0.020) | (0.019) | (0.021) | (0.020) | (0.033) | |
| 家庭资产 | 0.022** | 0.021** | 0.018* | −0.006 | 0.042*** | 0.067*** |
| (0.009) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.016) | |
| 理解型父亲 | 0.034*** | 0.028** | 0.044*** | −0.041*** | 0.035*** | 0.005 |
| (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.011) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.023) | |
| 惩罚型父亲 | −0.033*** | −0.040*** | −0.006 | 0.024** | −0.005 | −0.027 |
| (0.012) | (0.013) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.019) | |
| 理解型母亲 | 0.036*** | 0.058*** | 0.035*** | −0.037*** | 0.051*** | 0.100*** |
| (0.012) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.014) | (0.013) | (0.021) | |
| 惩罚型母亲 | −0.005 | −0.041*** | −0.032*** | 0.041*** | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.018) | |
| 亲子交流(父亲) | 0.019** | 0.027** | 0.036*** | −0.029*** | 0.029*** | 0.010 |
| (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.009) | (0.016) | |
| 亲子交流(母亲) | 0.040*** | 0.032*** | 0.036*** | −0.011 | 0.042*** | 0.027 |
| (0.009) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.020) | |
| 自己或者和朋友们一起玩(不包括玩电子游戏) | 0.019*** | 0.021*** | 0.015** | −0.007 | 0.031*** | 0.057*** |
| (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
| 读课外书 | 0.022*** | 0.050*** | 0.045*** | −0.013 | 0.047*** | 0.072*** |
| (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.009) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.013) | |
| 看电视 | 0.010 | −0.016** | −0.023*** | 0.011 | −0.012* | −0.021* |
| (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.006) | (0.012) | |
| 上网、玩游戏、玩手机 | −0.010 | −0.063*** | −0.055*** | 0.031*** | −0.020*** | −0.062*** |
| (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
| 做家务或帮父母干活 | 0.004 | 0.023*** | 0.036*** | 0.010 | 0.023*** | −0.018* |
| (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
| 班主任性别(女教师=1) | 0.011 | 0.027 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.018 |
| (0.021) | (0.030) | (0.031) | (0.025) | (0.026) | (0.040) | |
| 班主任教龄 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 | −0.000 | 0.000 |
| (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.002) | |
| 学校规模 | −0.037 | −0.025 | −0.022 | 0.017 | −0.006 | −0.006 |
| (0.027) | (0.034) | (0.037) | (0.029) | (0.033) | (0.048) | |
| 学校生师比 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | −0.002 | −0.002 | 0.000 |
| (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.006) | |
| 常数项 | 3.243*** | 3.858*** | 3.344*** | 2.723*** | 2.988*** | −0.125 |
| (0.192) | (0.219) | (0.248) | (0.202) | (0.234) | (0.347) | |
| 县级固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 样本数 | ||||||
| 0.048 | 0.128 | 0.101 | 0.029 | 0.100 | 0.069 |
表 3
西北农村学生社会情感能力对学业表现、学校归属感、校园欺凌和师生关系的影响"
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| 标准化数学成绩 | 学校归属感 | 校园欺凌 | 师生关系 | |
| 外向性 | 0.077** | 0.125*** | −0.035 | 0.033 |
| (0.031) | (0.014) | (0.024) | (0.080) | |
| 宜人性 | 0.181*** | 0.128*** | −0.202*** | 0.232** |
| (0.030) | (0.015) | (0.023) | (0.091) | |
| 尽责性 | −0.069** | 0.043*** | −0.020 | 0.336*** |
| (0.029) | (0.014) | (0.024) | (0.080) | |
| 神经质性 | 0.059*** | −0.086*** | 0.203*** | −0.219*** |
| (0.022) | (0.013) | (0.022) | (0.064) | |
| 开放性 | 0.092*** | 0.046*** | 0.005 | 0.164* |
| (0.026) | (0.013) | (0.026) | (0.088) | |
| 成长型思维 | 0.213*** | 0.065*** | −0.007 | 0.074* |
| (0.015) | (0.008) | (0.014) | (0.043) | |
| 常数项 | −1.540*** | 2.213*** | 2.047*** | 4.888*** |
| (0.419) | (0.177) | (0.349) | (1.342) | |
| 控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 县级固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 样本量 | ||||
| 0.266 | 0.238 | 0.139 | 0.102 |
表 4
西北农村学生社会情感能力与心理健康之间的关系"
| (1) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| 情绪问题 | 行为问题 | 多动症问题 | 同伴问题 | 亲社会行为 | |
| 外向性 | −0.295*** | 0.105* | 0.117** | −0.161*** | 0.262*** |
| (0.071) | (0.057) | (0.054) | (0.052) | (0.056) | |
| 宜人性 | −0.348*** | −0.843*** | −0.397*** | −0.545*** | 0.911*** |
| (0.062) | (0.055) | (0.050) | (0.047) | (0.074) | |
| 尽责性 | −0.031 | −0.262*** | −1.009*** | 0.074 | 0.244*** |
| (0.071) | (0.053) | (0.051) | (0.049) | (0.057) | |
| 神经质性 | 1.321*** | 0.269*** | 0.322*** | 0.229*** | 0.280*** |
| (0.055) | (0.036) | (0.047) | (0.042) | (0.044) | |
| 开放性 | 0.548*** | 0.171*** | −0.025 | −0.012 | 0.756*** |
| (0.059) | (0.053) | (0.051) | (0.051) | (0.052) | |
| 成长型思维 | −0.104*** | −0.176*** | −0.062** | −0.139*** | 0.084** |
| (0.034) | (0.028) | (0.028) | (0.029) | (0.034) | |
| 常数项 | −1.294 | 4.188*** | 7.989*** | 4.257*** | −3.458*** |
| (0.893) | (0.669) | (0.677) | (0.578) | (0.720) | |
| 控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 县级固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
| 样本量 | |||||
| 0.202 | 0.190 | 0.256 | 0.108 | 0.279 |
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