大学生创业意向影响因素研究：制度理论视角下的跨国比较

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.02.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

创业意向是大学生创业行为的重要预测变量，是国内外高等教育和创业教育研究的热点问题。已有研究主要从个体因素和单一国别探究创业意向的影响因素，关于创业制度环境对大学生创业意向影响的跨国别研究还处于起步阶段。基于制度理论，利用“全球创业观察”“全球大学生创业精神调查”数据，研究规制性制度、规范性制度和认知性制度对各国大学生毕业时和毕业五年后创业意向的影响，结果发现：认知性制度和规范性制度与大学生创业意向有显著的正相关，尤其以高等教育阶段创业教育的影响最为显著；规制性制度对大学生创业意向的作用较为复杂。建议大力推动不同阶段创业教育的高质量发展，在校内外营造创业友好型文化环境，并重新考量一些习以为常但未经验证的大学生创业政策的有效性。

关键词: 规制性制度, 规范性制度, 认知性制度, 创业意向, 跨国比较

Abstract:

Entrepreneurial intention is not only an important predictor of college students’ entrepreneurial behavior, but also a hot issue in higher education and entrepreneurial education research at home and abroad. Previous studies mainly explore the influencing factors of entrepreneurial intention from individual factors in a specific country. Cross-country research on the impact of institutional environment for entrepreneurship on college students’ entrepreneurial intention is still in its infancy. Based on institutional theory, this study uses the data of ‘Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’ and ‘Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey’ to investigate the impact of regulatory, normative and cognitive institutions on the entrepreneurial intention of college students in various countries at the time of graduation and five years later. The study finds that both the cognitive and the normative institution have a significant positive correlation with the entrepreneurial intention of college students, especially the impact of entrepreneurship education at the higher education stage; the role of the regulatory institution on the entrepreneurial intention of college students is more complex. It is suggested to vigorously promote the high-quality development of entrepreneurship education at different stages, create entrepreneurship-friendly cultural environment inside and outside the schools, and reconsider the effectiveness of some accustomed but unverified entrepreneurship policies for college students’ entrepreneurship.

Key words: regulatory institution, normative institution, cognitive institution, entrepreneurial intention, cross-country comparison

梅伟惠, 张玮逸. 大学生创业意向影响因素研究：制度理论视角下的跨国比较[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2023, 41(2): 81-92.

Weihui Mei, Weiyi Zhang. Research on the Influencing Factors of College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention: A Cross-country Comparative Study from the Perspective of Institutional Theory[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2023, 41(2): 81-92.

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国家	年份	大学生创业意向（毕业时）%	大学生创业意向（五年后）%	创业融资	政府税收和管理体制	政府创业计划	基础创业教育水平	高等创业教育水平	文化与社会规范
阿根廷	2016	21.0	61.6	3.07	1.93	3.70	3.02	4.75	4.86
澳大利亚	2016	5.4	32.8	3.95	4.21	4.20	3.70	4.20	4.75
比利时	2016	3.9	29.6	5.28	3.17	4.80	3.14	5.37	4.11
智利	2018	7.7	45.6	3.83	4.69	5.58	2.38	5.04	5.35
中国	2018	10.1	17.3	4.60	4.60	4.46	3.38	5.27	6.02
哥伦比亚	2018	18.3	60.1	3.20	3.64	4.56	3.39	5.71	5.31
哈萨克斯坦	2018	11.6	35.9	3.44	4.53	4.58	3.18	4.05	4.94
德国	2021	5.3	17.6	5.3	4.1	6.2	3.0	4.8	4.8
希腊	2021	16.8	32.4	4.0	3.4	3.8	2.6	4.3	4.4
印度尼西亚	2021	38.9	60.2	5.8	6.1	6.1	6.6	7.2	6.9

变量	指标	指标内涵	数据来源	计分方法
规制性制度	创业融资	专家认为现有和潜在创业者有足够资金的程度	GEM-NES，专家调查	九点李克特量表，得分越高，说明该国相应维度的创业环境状况越好
	政府税收和管理体制	专家认为目前的税收体系对创业者来说是负担得起和平衡的程度
	政府创业计划	专家认为公共机构为创业者提供直接协助的数量和质量
规范性制度	文化与社会规范	社会是否以及如何通过行为、信仰、语言和习俗在文化中展现出企业家精神，表现为社会群体对企业家活动的接受、支持和高度重视，从而展现出对这一群体的鼓励
认知性制度	基础创业教育水平	专家评估基础教育阶段学校课程中创业教育的纳入程度，以及学校是否向学生灌输创业价值观
认知性制度	高等创业教育水平	大学、商学院、职业中心等机构中创业教育的纳入情况。它包括高等教育机构在培养学生创业技能和价值观方面的有效性

	最小值	最大值	均值	标准差
大学生创业意向（毕业时）	0	38.9	11.30	8.34
大学生创业意向（五年后）	9	69.3	36.92	14.69
年份	1	3	—	—
人均GDP	1.606	101.376	27.036	21.985
发展阶段	1	3	—	—
创业融资	3.02	5.96	4.42	0.78
政府税收和管理体制	1.93	5.88	4.02	0.96
政府创业计划	2.8	6.28	4.65	0.85
基础创业教育水平	1.75	6.28	3.25	0.88
高等创业教育水平	3.11	6.76	4.75	0.73
文化与社会规范	2.63	7.27	4.85	0.96

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1	大学生创业意向（毕业时）	1
2	大学生创业意向（五年后）	.651^**	1
3	年份	.422^**	?.097	1
4	人均GDP	?.513^**	?.542^**	?.032	1
5	发展阶段	?.529^**	?.592^**	?.058	.719^**	1
6	创业融资	?.215^*	?.472^**	.207^*	.433^**	.415^**	1
7	政府税收和管理体制	.004	?.190	.115	.428^**	.255^*	.458^**	1
8	政府创业计划	?.034	?.198	.183	.426^**	.316^**	.418^**	.712^**	1
9	基础创业教育水平	.148	?.024	.143	.315^**	.258^*	.551^**	.588^**	.415^**	1
10	高等创业教育水平	.361^**	.271^**	.182	.132	.067	.281^**	.420^**	.550^**	.579^**	1
11	文化与社会规范	.226^*	.140	.170	.157	.038	.375^**	.604^**	.383^**	.633^**	.535^**	1

	模型1	模型2	模型3	模型4	模型5
控制变量
年份	4.014^***	4.017^***	3.617^***	3.258^***	3.789^***
人均GDP	?0.107^*	?0.139^**	?0.130^**	?0.139^***	?0.123^**
发展阶段	?4.153^**	?3.380^*	?3.702^*	?4.090^**	?3.121^*
规制性制度
创业融资		?1.633^?			?2.706^**
政府税收和管理体制		1.957^*			1.024
政府创业计划		0.312			?1.309
规范性制度
文化与社会规范			1.999^**		?0.019
认知性制度
基础创业教育水平				1.120	1.736^?
高等创业教育水平				3.442^***	3.874^**
F	27.794^***	16.179^***	25.125^***	28.243^***	18.246^***
R²	0.473	0.519	0.522	0.608	0.654
R²变化量		0.046^a*	0.049^a**	0.135^a***	0.135^b***
					0.132^c***
					0.046^d*