从古登堡印刷术到铁路邮政服务：技术视角下近代早期欧洲大学的开放转型

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2025.11.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究考察了16-19世纪媒介技术革新对欧洲大学开放性的结构性影响，通过分析古登堡印刷术、知识社交空间（“咖啡馆大学”）及铁路邮政系统三重技术媒介革新，我们发现：媒介技术变革重构了知识传播的时空维度，知识交流突破了大学围墙；新兴媒介技术削弱了手抄本时代的师生依附关系，培育了自主学习的文化范式；新兴媒介技术推动了学术语言的本土化转向，加速了拉丁语学术共同体的解构。这些变革沟通了近代早期欧洲大学与民族国家的关系，大学由此成为民族国家公共领域的重要参与者和国族共同体的积极塑造者，发展出了一种不同于中世纪大学的开放性。本研究特别强调，媒介技术主要通过生产维度而非政治维度重塑了大学与社会的关系网络。我们最后探讨了数字媒介技术对高等教育开放性的延续与变革。

关键词: 近代欧洲大学, 媒介技术史, 知识传播, 古登堡印刷术, 咖啡馆大学

Abstract:

This study examines the structural influence of media technology innovations on the openness of European universities between the 16th and 19th centuries. By analyzing three key technological media shifts—the Gutenberg printing press, knowledge-oriented social spaces (“coffeehouse universities”), and the railway postal system, the research reveals that, media innovations reshaped the time-space dimensions of knowledge dissemination, enabling intellectual exchange to transcend university walls; emerging technologies weakened the teacher-student dependency characteristic of the manuscript era, fostering a culture of autonomous learning; new media accelerated the decline of the Latin scholarly community by promoting vernacularization in academic communication. These transformations mediated the relationship between early modern European universities and nation-states, positioning universities as active participants in the public sphere and shapers of national identity—a distinct departure from medieval institutional closure. Crucially, the study emphasizes that media technologies reconfigured university-society networks primarily through productive (rather than political) dimensions. The conclusion explores continuities and disruptions in higher education openness under contemporary digital media technologies.

Key words: early modern european universities, history of media technology, knowledge dissemination, Gutenberg printing press, coffeehouse university

周娜, 周洪宇. 从古登堡印刷术到铁路邮政服务：技术视角下近代早期欧洲大学的开放转型[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2025, 43(11): 97-106.

Na Zhou, Hongyu Zhou. The Structural Impact of Media Technology Innovations on the Openness of European Universities (16th–19th Centuries)[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2025, 43(11): 97-106.

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