华东师范大学学报(教育科学版)

华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (2): 105-118.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2025.02.009

• 改革与发展 • 上一篇    

高中阶段普职分流：误解、事实与愿景

田志磊1, 薛懿1, 殷利2   

  1. 1. 北京大学中国教育财政科学研究所，北京 100871
    2. 江苏省太仓中等专业学校，苏州 215400
  • 接受日期:2024-10-10 出版日期:2025-02-01 发布日期:2025-01-18
  • 基金资助:
    教育部2024年210教育管理与改革专项“人口新形势下教育高质量发展研究”（7121200031）；习近平经济思想研究中心课题研究项目“畅通教育、科技、人才良性循环研究”（AZ2024009）。

Academic and Vocational Streaming in High School Education: Misunderstandings, Facts and Visions

Zhilei Tian1, Yi Xue1, Li Yin2   

  1. 1. China Institute for Education Finance Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China
    2. Taicang Secondary Vocational School, Suzhou 215400, China
  • Accepted:2024-10-10 Online:2025-02-01 Published:2025-01-18

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摘要：

近年来，由于大众对普职分流存在误解，教育焦虑在社会上不断产生和蔓延。在描述普职分流的事实和特征的基础上，本文重新审视了社会上对普职分流的批判。过去二十年，我国高中阶段普职比经历了过山车般的剧烈变化，但一直大于1∶1，当前高中阶段至少六成甚至三分之二的孩子在普通高中就读，个别省份这一比例已近八成。微观数据表明，家庭背景对普职分流重要但并非桎梏，学业成绩才是主导性因素；大城市家庭和多子女家庭在普职分流中面临更大的压力；男孩在普职分流中表现逊色于女孩。随后，本文围绕普职分流的主流批判提供了少数支持、多数相悖的证据。最后，基于对普职分流的实证分析，本文探讨了我国普职协调未来的可能路径。

关键词: 普职分流, 教育焦虑, 分轨制, 制造业

Abstract:

In recent years, due to widespread misunderstandings regarding the academic and vocational streaming, educational anxiety has continued to grow and spread in society. Based on a factual and characteristic description of the academic and vocational streaming, this article reexamines the societal criticisms of this streaming. Over the past two decades, the academic to vocational education ratio in China’s senior high school education has experienced roller-coaster-like fluctuations but has consistently remained greater than 1∶1. Currently, at least sixty to seventy percent of students attend regular high schools, with some provinces nearing eighty percent. Micro-level data reveals that while family background plays a significant role in the streaming, academic performance is the predominant factor. Families in major cities and those with multiple children face greater pressures within this streaming, and boys tend to underperform compared to girls. Subsequently, this article provides minority supportive and majority contradictory evidence surrounding mainstream criticisms of the academic and vocational streaming. Finally, grounded in empirical analysis of this streaming, the article explores potential pathways for future harmonization of academic and vocational education in China.

Key words: academic-vocational streaming, education anxiety, tracking system, manufacturing industry