Group Differences and Developmental Changes in Primary School Students' Learning Motivation: A Latent Transition Analysis

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2026.02.007

Abstract

Abstract:

In recent years, the reform of compulsory education has been continuously deepened, but the phenomenon of insufficient student motivation remains widespread and tends to affect younger students. This continues to be a significant challenge in the field of education. To effectively improve students’ intellectual development, it is crucial to understand the characteristics and developmental patterns of students’ learning motivation. Based on the situated expectancy-value theory, this study explored the latent transitions of primary school students’ motivation profiles and examined the impact of gender, socio-economic status, and parenting styles on these transitions. The study conducted three rounds of one-year follow-up surveys and found that students’ perceptions of their learning ability, value, and cost could form four typical motivational profiles: the average motivation group, well-adapted group, poorly adapted group, and high-cost group. These profiles generally remained stable over the year, but there were also trajectories of transitions between different profiles. In terms of influencing factors, the results showed that girls exhibited more positive changes in learning motivation, while family economic status did not significantly affect motivational transitions. Furthermore, parental autonomy support positively influenced motivational transitions, whereas parental psychological control had a negative impact. These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding the patterns and developmental trends of primary school students’ learning motivation in China.

Key words: learning motivation, latent transition analysis, primary school students, parenting style, longitudinal study

Yi Jiang, Shuyu Chen, Xinyi Shi. Group Differences and Developmental Changes in Primary School Students' Learning Motivation: A Latent Transition Analysis[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2026, 44(2): 112-126.

Figures/Tables 8

潜在类别	影响因素	适应不良组		适应良好组		高成本组		动机平均组
潜在类别	影响因素	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
T1到T2
适应不良组	性别	--	--	2.50	[1.12, 5.54]	1.98	[0.82, 4.81]	2.30	[1.08, 4.91]
	家庭经济状况	--	--	0.98	[0.38, 2.53]	0.97	[0.31, 3.08]	0.80	[0.33, 1.95]
	父母自主支持	--	--	5.55	[3.28, 9.41]	1.48	[0.97, 2.25]	1.79	[1.27, 2.51]
	父母心理控制	--	--	0.52	[0.36, 0.75]	1.51	[0.99, 2.30]	0.86	[0.62, 1.21]
适应良好组	性别	0.40	[0.18, 0.89]	--	--	0.79	[0.39, 1.61]	0.92	[0.57, 1.50]
	家庭经济状况	1.02	[0.40, 2.64]	--	--	0.99	[0.36, 2.73]	0.81	[0.43, 1.56]
	父母自主支持	0.18	[0.11, 0.31]	--	--	0.27	[0.16, 0.45]	0.32	[0.21, 0.51]
	父母心理控制	1.93	[1.34, 2.78]	--	--	2.92	[2.05, 4.17]	1.67	[1.33, 2.10]
高成本组	性别	0.51	[0.21, 1.23]	1.26	[0.62, 2.56]	--	--	1.16	[0.60, 2.26]
	家庭经济状况	1.03	[0.32, 3.27]	1.01	[0.37, 2.77]	--	--	0.82	[0.31, 2.18]
	父母自主支持	0.68	[0.44, 1.03]	3.76	[2.21, 6.40]	--	--	1.21	[0.84, 1.75]
	父母心理控制	0.66	[0.43, 1.01]	0.34	[0.24, 0.49]	--	--	0.57	[0.41, 0.80]
动机平均组	性别	0.43	[0.20, 0.93]	1.08	[0.67, 1.77]	0.86	[0.44, 1.68]	--	--
	家庭经济状况	1.25	[0.51, 3.06]	1.23	[0.64, 2.35]	1.22	[0.46, 3.23]	--	--
	父母自主支持	0.56	[0.40, 0.79]	3.11	[1.98, 4.89]	0.83	[0.57, 1.20]	--	--
	父母心理控制	1.16	[0.83, 1.62]	0.60	[0.48, 0.76]	1.75	[1.25, 2.45]	--	--
T2到T3
适应不良组	性别	--	--	2.29	[1.05, 5.02]	1.27	[0.53, 3.02]	2.13	[0.99, 4.59]
	家庭经济状况	--	--	0.90	[0.35, 2.35]	0.76	[0.28, 2.05]	0.61	[0.25, 1.51]
	父母自主支持	--	--	3.97	[2.43, 6.49]	1.23	[0.85, 1.79]	1.58	[1.14, 2.19]
	父母心理控制	--	--	0.51	[0.37, 0.70]	1.14	[0.81, 1.62]	0.75	[0.56, 1.00]
适应良好组	性别	0.44	[0.20, 0.96]	--	--	0.55	[0.29, 1.06]	0.93	[0.58, 1.49]
	家庭经济状况	1.11	[0.43, 2.90]	--	--	0.85	[0.35, 2.08]	0.68	[0.35, 1.34]
	父母自主支持	0.25	[0.15, 0.41]	--	--	0.31	[0.19, 0.50]	0.40	[0.26, 0.61]
	父母心理控制	1.98	[1.43, 2.73]	--	--	2.26	[1.66, 3.07]	1.48	[1.18, 1.85]
高成本组	性别	0.79	[0.33, 1.87]	1.81	[0.95, 3.44]	--	--	1.68	[0.89, 3.16]
	家庭经济状况	1.31	[0.49, 3.52]	1.18	[0.48, 2.90]	--	--	0.81	[0.35, 1.88]
	父母自主支持	0.81	[0.56, 1.18]	3.22	[2.01, 5.16]	--	--	1.28	[0.93, 1.78]
	父母心理控制	0.88	[0.62, 1.24]	0.44	[0.33, 0.60]	--	--	0.66	[0.49, 0.87]
动机平均组	性别	0.47	[0.22, 1.01]	1.08	[0.67, 1.72]	0.60	[0.32, 1.12]	--	--
	家庭经济状况	1.63	[0.66, 4.00]	1.47	[0.75, 2.88]	1.24	[0.53, 2.90]	--	--
	父母自主支持	0.63	[0.46, 0.88]	2.51	[1.65, 3.83]	0.78	[0.56, 1.08]	--	--
	父母心理控制	1.34	[1.00, 1.80]	0.68	[0.54, 0.85]	1.53	[1.14, 2.04]	--	--

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模型	RMSEA [90% CI]	CFI	TLI	SRMR	χ²	df
形态等值	0.037 [0.035, 0.038]	0.896	0.886	0.052	6394.152	3639
弱等值	0.037 [0.035, 0.038]	0.896	0.887	0.054	6442.409	3683
强等值	0.037 [0.036, 0.039]	0.891	0.883	0.055	6613.124	3727

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1自我效能感	---
2有用价值	.63/.55/.60	---
3成就价值	.63/.60/.49	.64/.55/.63	---
4兴趣价值	.51/.65/.59	.40/.51/.48	.47/.57/.39	---
5努力成本	−.05/.02/−.16	.09/.02/−.10	.13/.15/.06	−.11/−.08/−.25	---
6机会成本	−.16/−.17/−.27	−.09/−.19/−.26	.01/.03/-.05	−.22/−.19/−.31	.32/.46/.51	---
7自我成本	−.14/−.22/−.29	−.10/−.17/−.21	.04/−.03/−.03	−.28/−.33/−.35	.29/.37/.42	.42/.57/.63	---
8情绪成本	−.30/−.39/−.35	−.25/−.32/−.33	−.22/−.33/−.19	−.55/−.60/−.55	.30/.31/.43	.40/.45/.61	.49/.56/.68	---
9父母自主支持	.46/.47/.44	.33/.40/.48	.31/.34/.39	.48/.43/.46	−.04/−.08/−.11	−.20/−.26/−.24	−.17/−.23/−.29	−.38/−.35/−.36	---
10父母心理控制	−.05/−.27/−.28	−.07/−.28/−.25	.04/−.18/−.14	−.11/−.38/−.24	.23/.26/.33	.30/.43/.49	.28/.38/.46	.32/.48/.49	−.09/−.40/−.35
M	4.82 /5.07 /5.29	5.04 /5.43 /5.52	5.01 /5.13 /5.27	4.67 /4.83 /5.01	3.72 /3.79 /3.49	2.47 /2.44 /2.38	2.93 /2.72 /2.70	2.32 /2.23 /2.11	5.13 /5.29 /5.32
SD	0.96 /0.89 /0.82	0.96 /0.78 /0.72	0.92 /0.88 /0.81	1.28 /1.21 /1.27	1.23 /1.30 /1.44	1.32 /1.57 /1.55	1.45 /1.65 /1.63	1.31 /1.42 /1.39	1.08 /0.98 /0.97

时间点	类别数	LL	AIC	BIC	aBIC	Entropy	VLMR	最小组人数
T1	2	−4889.43	9828.85	9934.86	9855.50	.88	.02	185
	3	−4547.88	9163.75	9307.92	9200.00	.90	.36	55
	4	−4369.82	8825.64	9007.97	8871.49	.89	.68	53
	5	−4181.48	8466.95	8687.45	8522.39	.91	.48	15
T2	2	−4947.48	9944.97	10051.65	9972.29	.92	.06	126
	3	−4635.98	9339.96	9485.05	9377.12	.90	.27	81
	4	−4402.78	8891.56	9075.05	8938.56	.90	.46	48
	5	−4221.47	8546.94	8768.84	8603.77	.92	.24	27
T3	2	−4328.87	8707.73	8810.74	8731.40	.90	.09	157
	3	−4073.58	8215.15	8355.24	8247.33	.92	.59	43
	4	−3851.60	7789.21	7966.38	7829.91	.92	.25	32
	5	−3695.82	7495.63	7709.89	7544.86	.94	.04	2

时间点	潜在类别	平均归属各类的概率
时间点	潜在类别	第1类	第2类	第3类	第4类
T1	第1类	0.98	0.00	0.00	0.02
	第2类	0.00	0.93	0.02	0.05
	第3类	0.00	0.01	0.96	0.03
	第4类	0.01	0.03	0.07	0.90
T2	第1类	0.96	0.00	0.03	0.00
	第2类	0.00	0.96	0.04	0.01
	第3类	0.01	0.03	0.91	0.06
	第4类	0.00	0.01	0.04	0.96
T3	第1类	0.98	0.01	0.00	0.00
	第2类	0.00	0.93	0.05	0.02
	第3类	0.00	0.04	0.96	0.00
	第4类	0.00	0.03	0.00	0.97

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