二战后美国联邦科技政策的转向与研究型大学的崛起与发展——兼及对中国研究型大学发展的思考

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2025.08.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

将研究型大学整合进国家科研体制中，是二战以来美国研究型大学崛起和美国科研水平领先的重要原因。布什报告奠定了二战后美国国家科研体制的基本格局，但美国的科技政策在战后历经了三次转向。冷战时期，美国科研体系以国家安全为核心驱动力，大学成为军-工-学复合体的一部分，大学承担基础研究和与国防密切相关的任务导向型研究，并涉足大科学研究。1980年以后，美国科技政策调整为通过技术创新驱动经济发展，重点解决联邦专利向民间授权问题，极大促进了大学的科研创新及其成果向企业的转移，大学与产业界建立紧密联系。2017年以来，美国的科技政策转向国家安全和保持技术领先为核心，通过政府干预实现技术保护，对大学的科研和人才培养带来的影响正在显现。

关键词: 科技政策, 研究型大学, 大科学

Abstract:

The integration of research universities into the national research system has brought about the rise of American research universities and the leading status of American science and technology since World War II. The Bush Report established the basic pattern of the national scientific research system of the United States, yet the U.S. science and technology policy has experienced three shifts since the war. During the cold war, the core driving force behind the U.S. research system was national security. Universities became part of the military-industry-academic complex. Universities undertook basic research and mission-oriented research closely related to national defense, and were involved in big science. After 1980, the U.S. science and technology policy was adjusted to drive economic development through technological innovation, focusing on solving the problem of Federal Patent Licensing to the private sector, which greatly promoted the innovations of universities and their transfer to enterprises, and established close ties between universities and industry. Since 2017, the U.S. science and technology policy has shifted to national security and maintaining technological leadership as the core, and technology protection has been achieved through government intervention. The impact on university research and talent training is emerging.

Key words: science and technology policy, research university, big science

张东海. 二战后美国联邦科技政策的转向与研究型大学的崛起与发展——兼及对中国研究型大学发展的思考[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2025, 43(8): 118-128.

Donghai Zhang. The Shift of American Federal Science and Technology Policy and the Rise and Development of Research Universities in Postwar Era: Thoughts on the Development of Research Universities in China[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2025, 43(8): 118-128.

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