动机对创造力的作用:研究现状与展望

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2017.04.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 不同动机对创造力的作用机制不同。内部动机有利于个体专注于创造过程，外部动机有利于提升个体的创造意图，二者均可促进创造力。与控制性动机相比，自主性动机为个体提供更大的自由度，允许个体以更为发散的方式解决问题从而提升创造力。趋近动机可增强个体思维的灵活性从而促进创造力，回避动机在特定情境中通过增强个体的坚持性亦有利于创造力的提升。亲社会动机使个体跳出自身视角的局限，增强其观点整合能力从而促进创造力；反社会动机则可能带来对规则的破坏感，进而易化创造性思维。责任动机、联合动机和权力动机对群体及群体中的个体的创造力有着积极影响。未来研究应分析多种动机对创造力的整合或交互作用，探寻动机作用于创造力的共有机制。

关键词: 创造力, 内部/外部动机, 趋近/回避动机, 社会性动机

Abstract: Different motivations influence creativity in different ways. Intrinsic motivation enhances creativity by helping people focus on creative process itself. Previous studies used to investigate the impacts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on creativity separately, while now the focus is transferring to integrate both of them. Further research should explore how intrinsic and extrinsic motivations influence creative problem solving interactively, considering types of creativity tasks. The self determination theory (SDT) provides a desirable explanation for disagreements on the impacts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on creativity. Approach motivation promotes creativity with flexibility, so does avoidance motivation with persistence. Recent researches began to testify the effects of social motivations on creativity. The studies revealed that prosocial motivation affects creativity combined with intrinsic motivation. All in all, future research should address two scientific issues. First, how do various motivations influence creativity in integrated or interactive ways? Second, what are the general mechanisms underlying the effects of motivations on creativity?

Key words: creativity, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, approach and avoidance motivation, social motivation

郝宁, 汤梦颖. 动机对创造力的作用:研究现状与展望[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2017, 35(4): 107-114+138.

HAO Ning, TANG Mengying. The Effects of Motivation on Creativity: Present Situation and Prospect[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2017, 35(4): 107-114+138.

参考文献

李阳, 白新文. (2015). 善心点亮创造力:内部动机和亲社会动机对创造力的影响. 心理科学进展, 23, 175-181.
薛贵, 董奇, 周龙飞, 张华, 陈传生. (2001). 内部动机、外部动机与创造力的关系研究. 心理发展与教育, 17, 6-11.
张景焕, 刘桂荣, 师玮玮, 付秀君. (2011). 动机的激发与小学生创造思维的关系:自主性动机的中介作用. 心理学报, 43, 1138-1150.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity:A componential conceptualization. Journal of personality and social psychology, 45, 357-376.
Amabile, T. M. (1993). Motivational synergy:Toward new conceptualizations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 3, 185-201.
Amabile, T. M, Hill, K. G., Hennessey, B. A. & Tighe, E. M. (1994). The work preference inventory:Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 950-967.
Amabile, T. M., & Pillemer, J. (2012). Perspectives on the social psychology of creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 46, 3-15.
Ayres, P. (2006). Using subjective measures to detect variations of intrinsic cognitive load within problems. Learning and Instruction, 16, 389-400.
Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2011). When prevention promotes creativity:The role of mood, regulatory focus, and regulatory closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 794-809.
Benedek, M., Beaty, R., Jauk, E., Koschutnig, K., Fink, A. C. (2014). Creating metaphors:The neural basis of figurative language production. NeuroImage, 90, 99-106.
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion:The Self-Assessment Manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 49-59.
Bechtoldt, M. N., De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., & Choi, H. S. (2010). Motivated information processing, social tuning, and group creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 622-637.
Byron, K., & Khazanchi, S. (2012). Rewards and creative performance:A meta-analytic test of theoretically derived hypotheses. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 809-830.
Carmeli, A., Mckay, A. S., & Kaufman, J. C. (2014). Emotional intelligence and creativity:The mediating role of generosity and vigor. Journal of Creative Behavior, 48, 290-309.
Choi, J. N. (2004). Individual and contextual predictors of creative performance:The mediating role of psychological processes. Creativity Research Journal, 16, 187-199.
Collins.M.N., & Amabile, T. M. (1999). Motivation and Creativity. In R. J. Steinberg (Ed.), Handbook of Creativity. New York:Cambridge University Press.
Cooper, R., & Jayatilaka, B. (2006). Group creativity:The effects of extrinsic, intrinsic, and obligation motivations. Creativity Research Journal, 18, 153-172.
Cretenet, J., & Dru, V. (2009). Influence of peripheral and motivational cues on rigid-flexible functioning:Perceptual, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 138, 739-756.
De Dreu, C. K., Baas, M., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link:Toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of personality and social psychology, 94, 739-756.
De Dreu, C. K., Nijstad, B. A., & Baas, M. (2011a). Behavioral activation links to creativity because of increased cognitive flexibility. Social Psychology and Personality Science, 2, 72-80.
De Dreu, C. K., Nijstad, B. A., & Baas, M. (2011b). Group creativity and innovation:A motivated information processing perspective. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5, 81-89.
de Jesus, S. N., Rus, C. L., Lens, W., & Imaginario, S. (2013). Intrinsic motivation and creativity related to product:A meta-analysis of the studies published between 1990-2010. Creativity Research Journal, 25, 80-84.
Dollinger, S. J., Burke, P. A., & Gump, N. W. (2007). Creativity and values. Creativity Research Journal, 19, 91-103.
Eisenberger, R., & Shanock, L. (2003). Rewards, intrinsic motivation, and creativity:A case study of conceptual and methodological isolation. Creativity Research Journal, 15, 121-130.
Elliot, A., & Church, M. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 218-232.
Fink, A., & Benedek, M. (2014). EEG alpha power and creative ideation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 44, 111-123.
Forgeard, M. J. C., & Mecklenburg, A. C. (2013). The two dimensions of motivation and a reciprocal model of the creative process. Review of General Psychology, 17, 255-266.
Friedman, R. S., & F rster, J. (2000). The effects of approach and avoidance motor actions on the elements of creative insight. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 477-492.
Friedman, R. S., & F rster, J. (2002). The influence of approach and avoidance motor actions on creative cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 41-55.
Friedman, R. S., & F rster, J. (2005a). Effects of motivational cues on perceptual asymmetry:Implications for creativity and analytical problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 263-275.
Friedman, R. S., & F rster, J. (2005b). The influence of approach and avoidance cues on attentional flexibility. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 69-81.
Grant, A. M., Berry, J. W. (2011). The necessity of others is the mother of invention:Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 73-96.
Gill, P., Horgan, J., Hunter, S. T., & Cushenbery, L. D. (2013). Malevolent creativity in terrorist organizations. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 47, 125-151.
Gino, F., & Ariely, D. (2012). The dark side of creativity:Original thinkers can be more dishonest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 445-459.
Hoever, I. J., van Knippenberg, D., van Ginkel, W. P., & Barkema, H. G. (2012). Fostering team creativity:Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity's potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 982-996.
Hennessey, B. A., Amabile, T, M., & Martinage, M. (1989) Immunizing children against the negative effects of reward. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 14, 212-227.
Hennessey, B.A. (2000) Self-determination theory and the social psychology of creativity. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 293-298.
Kaufman, J. C., Plucker, J. A., & Baer, J. (2008). Essentials of creativity assessment. Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
King, L. A., Walker, L. M., & Broyles, S. J. (1996). Creativity and the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 189-203.
Liu, G., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Lee, C., Wang, Y., Brownell, M. (2013). Autonomous motivation and Chinese adolescents'creative thinking:The moderating role of parental involvement. Creativity Research Journal, 25, 446-456.
Mayer, J., & Mussweiler, T. (2011). Suspicious spirits, flexible minds:When distrust enhances creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1262-1277.
Mehta, R., & Zhu, R. (2009). Blue or red? Exploring the effect of color on cognitive task performances. Science, 323, 1226-1229.
Moran, S., & John-Steiner, V. (2003). Creativity in the making:Vygotsky's contemporary contribution to the dialectic of development and creativity. In R. K. Sawyer, V. John-Steiner, S. Moran, R. J. Sternberg, D. H. Feldman, J. Nakamura & M. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Creativity and Development. New York:Oxford University Press.
Navon, D. (1977). Forest before trees:The precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 353-383.
Peng, S. L., Cherng, B. L., Chen, H. C., & Lin, Y. Y. (2013). A model of contextual and personal motivations in creativity:How do the classroom goal structures influence creativity via self-determination motivations? Thinking Skills and Creativity, 10, 50-67.
Polman, E., & Emich, K. J. (2011). Decisions for others are more creative than decisions for the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 492-501.
Roskes, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2012). Necessity is the mother of invention:Avoidance motivation stimulates creativity through cognitive effort. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 242-256.
Runco, M. A., & Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 92-96.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Shalley, C. E., & Perry-Smith, J. E. (2001). Effects of social-psychological factors on creative performance:The role of informational and controlling expected evaluation and modeling experience. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 84, 1-22.
Silvia, P. J., Kaufman, J. C., Reiter-Palmon, R., & Wigert, B. (2011). Cantankerous creativity:Honesty-humility, agreeableness, and the HEXACO structure of creative achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 687-689.
Stanko-Kaczmarek, M. (2012). The effect of intrinsic motivation on the affect and evaluation of the creative process among fine arts students. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 304-310.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American psychologist, 51, 677-688.
Walczyk, J. J., Runco, M. A., Tripp, S. M., & Smith, C. E. (2008). The creativity of lying:Divergent thinking and ideational correlates of the resolution of social dilemmas. Creativity Research Journal, 20, 328-342.
Welker, K. M., Oberleitner, D. E., Cain, S., & Carré, J. M. (2013). Upright and left out:Posture moderates the effects of social exclusion on mood and threats to basic needs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 355-361.
Zhang, J., Fan, X., Zhang, X. (2015). The role of power motivation in creativity:A moderated mediation model. Social Behavior & Personality:An International Journal, 43, 613-628.

[1]	赵勇. 国际拔尖创新人才培养的新理念与新趋势[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2023, 41(5): 1-15.
[2]	柯政, 梁灿. 论应试教育与学生创造力培养之间的关系[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2023, 41(4): 72-82.
[3]	顾泠沅. 45年：一项数学教改实验[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2022, 40(4): 103-116.
[4]	侯浩翔, 张先义, 王旦. 教育机器人可以提升学生创造力吗?——基于48项实验与准实验研究的Meta分析[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2022, 40(3): 99-111.
[5]	衣新发,王小娟,胡卫平. 创造力基因组学研究[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2013, 31(3): 56-62.