华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (2): 75-92.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2026.02.005

• 教育人口学 • 上一篇    下一篇

高学历女性生育动机及世代差异——基于女博士研究生群体的调查研究

胡咏梅1, 赵平2   

  1. 1. 北京师范大学教育学部,北京 100875
    2. 上海师范大学教育学院,上海 200234
  • 接受日期:2025-08-29 出版日期:2026-02-01 发布日期:2026-01-26
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目“教育科技人才一体推进背景下普通高校教师聘用制度改革的理论逻辑与实践进路”(72474028)。

Survey on Fertility Motivation and Cohort Disparities Among Highly-Educated Women

Yongmei Hu1, Ping Zhao2   

  1. 1. Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
    2. School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
  • Accepted:2025-08-29 Online:2026-02-01 Published:2026-01-26

摘要:

在我国总和生育率逐渐走低、出生人口规模持续下降的新态势下,研究不同世代高学历女性的生育动机变化趋势,对于把握未来社会生育观的动向具有前瞻意义。基于米勒等人对生育动机的分类和计划行为理论,面向高学历育龄女性构建了指向不同孩次的生育动机测量框架,对我国1030位女博士研究生的生育动机及其世代差异开展调查。研究发现:女博士研究生在一孩生育方面的积极动机有浓厚的个体主义取向,价值动机占据主导地位,情感动机日益受到年轻世代重视,社会规范动机渐趋消弭;在二孩生育方面的积极动机更加重视家庭因素,子女发展动机最为重要,年轻世代的性别偏好动机渐强。无论生育一孩还是二孩,时间成本与职业发展机会成本是最主要的消极动机,家庭资源约束对二孩生育意愿的影响强于一孩,年长世代深受健康条件约束,年轻世代备受经济成本约束。健康状况不佳女博士研究生的积极生育动机更有可能受家庭与社会因素驱动,独生子女或已婚女博士研究生的生育动机呈现典型的家庭主义取向。为激发我国高学历育龄女性的积极生育动机,削弱消极生育动机的影响,建议探索弹性工作制与父母育儿假期,降低高学历女性育儿的时间成本;提供优质普惠的儿童托育照护服务,保障高学历女性生育前后职业发展的连续性;扩大生育保险与医疗保险覆盖范围,减少高学历女性生育年龄与健康条件限制;全面降低多子女教养的经济成本,缓解高学历育龄女性家庭的经济资源约束。

关键词: 高学历女性, 女博士研究生, 生育动机, 世代差异

Abstract:

In the new trend of childbirth in our country, studying the trends of fertility motivations of highly-educated women across different generations is of forward-looking significance for understanding the future societal trends in childbirth. Based on Miller et al.’s classification of fertility motivation and the theory of planned behavior, this paper constructs a child-specific fertility motivation measurement framework for highly-educated women of childbearing age, and investigates the generational differences in fertility motivations among 1,030 female doctoral degree holders and candidates in our country. The results show that: the fertility motivation for having one child among female doctorate holders and candidates is strongly individualistic, with value and emotional motivations having the most positive impact; time cost and career development opportunities are the primary negative motivations, with older generations being heavily constrained by health conditions and younger generations being significantly constrained by economic costs. The fertility motivation for having a second child places greater emphasis on family factors, with the motivation for child development being the most important, and the motivation for gender preference growing stronger among younger generations; the influence of family resource constraints on fertility intentions is more pronounced for second-child aspirations compared to first-child decisions. Samples with compromised health status demonstrate fertility motivations that are predominantly driven by familial and societal factors, while those who are either only-children or married exhibit familialism-oriented fertility motivations. In order to stimulate positive fertility motivations and mitigate the impact of negative fertility motivations among highly-educated women of childbearing age in China, it is recommended to explore flexible working arrangements and parental leave, reduce the time cost for women to care for their families; provide high-quality and inclusive childcare services to ensure the continuity of career development before and after childbirth; expand the coverage of maternity and medical insurance, and reduce the age and health condition restrictions on childbirth; comprehensively reduce the economic costs of raising multiple children, and relax the economic resource constraints on families of childbearing age.

Key words: highly-educated women, female doctorate holders and candidates, fertility motivation, cohort disparities