华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) ›› 2019, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (5): 1-16.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2019.05.001

• 特稿 •    下一篇

什么是好的大学治理:治理的“实然”与“应然”分析

李立国   

  1. 中国人民大学教育学院, 北京 100872
  • 出版日期:2019-09-20 发布日期:2019-09-11
  • 基金资助:
    中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目"现代大学组织转型与治理改革"(13XNI005)。

From De jure to De facto: An Analysis of Effective University Governance

Li Liguo   

  1. School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
  • Online:2019-09-20 Published:2019-09-11

摘要: 大学组织处于外部环境影响与内部力量影响的均衡状态,在组织内部具有理性科层组织和政治属性组织的双重属性,使得大学治理呈现模糊性和复杂性。高等教育机构受到的外部环境影响和内部因素制约都处于中等程度,既要受外部特别是政府与市场的影响又要保持一定的自主性,同时既受内部控制又要对外保持一定的开放度。现实的"实然"状态是在三角模型中,出现了学术主导型、市场主导型和政府主导型的不同治理模式;理想的"应然"状态是学术、政府、市场的内外部力量保持平衡,大学治理在内外部力量的共同作用下保持相对自主的发展状态。从内部的理性科层组织和政治属性组织来看,大学治理要处理好二者之间的关系。现实的"实然"状态要么是以科层官僚制为主,按照行政机构模式管理大学,要么过分强调某一部分人的利益与权力;理想的"应然治理"是既要发挥理性科层制的作用,提高治理能力,同时更要从政治组织属性看待大学治理,建立沟通协调机制,建立以信任为基础的组织文化,有效化解冲突。中国的大学治理要从"求变"到"求治",从治理变革走向治理建设,从治理体系转向治理能力,从治理目标转向治理效能,实现从大学治理的"实然"现状走向"应然"改革。

关键词: 大学治理, 实然, 应然, 理性科层制, 政治属性组织

Abstract: The equilibrium of university organizations is influenced by external environment and internal forces. Internally, it is both rational bureaucracy and politics, which makes the university governance ambiguous and complex. Higher education institutions are subject to external environment (especially government and market) and internal factors and must maintain a certain degree of autonomy. At the same time, they are subject to internal control and must maintain a certain degree of openness. The "de facto" state is that in the triangular model, there are academic-oriented, market-oriented and government-oriented models. The "de jure" state is the balance between the internal and external forces of the academic, government and market. University governance, under the combined effect of internal and external forces, maintains a relatively independent state of development. From the perspective of internal rational bureaucracy and political organization, university governance should handle the relationship between them. The "de facto" state is either based on bureaucracy, managing universities in accordance with the mode of administrative institutions, or overemphasizing the interests and powers of certain people. The "de jure" state is to play the role of a rational bureaucracy and to improve the ability to govern. Also, it is necessary to consider university governance from the perspective of political organization, to establish a communication and coordination mechanism and to construct a trust-based organizational culture in order to effectively resolve conflicts. The university governance of China should shift from "seeking change" to "seeking governance", from governance reform to governance construction, from governance system to governance ability, from governance objective to governance efficiency. And finally, it can implement a university governance design from the "de jure" state to the "de facto" one.

Key words: university governance, de facto, de jure, rational bureaucracy, political organization