华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) ›› 2017, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (2): 51-56+119.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2017.02.006

• 教育法制 • 上一篇    下一篇

校园欺凌的心理因素和治理方法:心理学的视角

孙时进, 施泽艺   

  1. 复旦大学心理学系, 上海 200433
  • 出版日期:2017-04-20 发布日期:2017-03-27
  • 基金资助:
    国家社科基金项目"不同成长个体的心理贫困感与生命史策略、风险偏好的关系研究"(16BSH090)。

The Psychological Factors and Treatment of School Bullying

SUN Shijin, SHI Zeyi   

  1. Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • Online:2017-04-20 Published:2017-03-27

摘要: 校园欺凌事件因其恶性影响在近年来受到人们普遍关注。校园欺凌在国内外均有一定的发生率。欺凌行为的发生,有欺凌者自身的原因,也有社会性的原因,治理欺凌行为需要对不同原因有充分理解。被欺凌者往往因为其与众不同而被欺凌,他们是被同情的对象,但是也正因为它们不自主地展现出心理弱势而"吸引"冲突的另一方欺凌自己。增强被欺凌者的自尊与自强,才能从本源上遏制欺凌现象的发生。家庭、学校、社会环境共同影响着欺凌事件。当三者都倡导自由、平等、支持、亲密等价值时,校园欺凌数量便会大大减少。治理校园欺凌,应当以问题为中心,从个人、家庭、学校和社会多方面入手,实施标本兼治的综合治理策略。

关键词: 校园欺凌, 欺凌者, 被欺凌者, 家庭环境, 学校环境, 社会环境

Abstract: School bullying occurs both in China and other countries. The pernicious influence of school bullying is gaining more public concern these years. In fact, it is a global phenomenon. After reviewing literature from China and abroad, we discuss the psychological characteristics of bullies and victims as well as the influence of social environment. Treatment methods are presented in the last section. First, the concept of school bullying is defined. School bullying is the kind of intentional, repetitive aggressive behavior that occurs at schools among students who own power differentials. School bullying includes physical, verbal, relational, cyber attack behavior which always influences victims' mental and physical health. Victims and bullies are the main participants of school bullying. As far as bullies are concerned, their aggressive behaviors are related to physiological factors such as age and gender as well as social factors such as their craving for high social status. Bullies should not be regarded blindly as evil because they are actually victims of their family or social environment. Also, their aggressive behaviors may have historical background and causes. Only after ruminating on their aggressive behaviors can we cope with the problem. In addition, the risk factors of victims such as being out of the ordinary, being solitary and being rejected are stated. However, the bullies are attracted to the psychological weakness implicitly presented by the victims. Only after the self-esteem of victim is enhanced can the occurrence of bullying be restrained. Moreover, according to Society Ecosystems Theory, environment such as family, school and society play important role in school bullying and have mutual effect. This article suggests that it is necessary to create a liberal, equal, supportive, and intimate environment. Finally, the paper discusses treatment methods of school bullying. The growing public awareness of school bullying does not necessarily mean the decreasing incidence of it. And school bullying intervention should be problem-based adopting interdisciplinary approaches. For example, legal researchers should set a bottom line of attacking behavior in order to prevent extreme malignance and produce warning effects. Educational researchers should refer to school intervention approaches from China and abroad, such as creating a positive school climate at the school level, carrying out anti-bullying program at the classroom level or providing counseling at the individual level. A fair, liberal, harmonious, supportive and safe environment is mentioned. Furthermore, we suggest that a good intervention program in place will make bullies unwilling to, unable to, and not daring to bully. Setting bottom line of the law makes bullies unable to do so. Behavioral control at schools prevents bullies from daring to do so. Psychological counseling or other psychological methods make bullies unwilling to do so by improving themselves inherently. Lastly, we point out that the connotation and extension of school bullying should be strictly defined and school bullying should not be intervened unlimitedly because conflicts can improve one's interpersonal skills in some way.

Key words: school bullying, bullies, victims, family environment, school environment, social environment