华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) ›› 2021, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (9): 77-92.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.09.005
• “中国青少年社会与情感能力发展水平报告”专刊 • 上一篇 下一篇
邵志芳1, 刘志2, 杨舒豫1, 黄忠敬2
出版日期:
2021-09-20
发布日期:
2021-08-17
基金资助:
Zhifang Shao1, Zhi Liu2, Shuyu Yang1, Zhongjing Huang2
Online:
2021-09-20
Published:
2021-08-17
摘要:
开放能力是社会与情感能力的五大维度之一,在OECD的研究框架下包含包容度、好奇心和创造性这3项能力。本报告基于苏州市10岁组和15岁组学生参与OECD社会与情感能力测评的数据,运用描述统计、差异检验和回归分析等方法呈现苏州学生的开放能力表现。研究发现:开放能力在年龄、性别、学校位置(城乡)和学校类别(普通高中—职业高中)上存在显著差异;开放能力受背景、学生、教师、学校和家庭层面相关因素的影响较为显著;开放能力对各种生活结果变量有显著影响。因此,培养学生开放能力需要科学而精准的政策支持。
邵志芳, 刘志, 杨舒豫, 黄忠敬. 开放能力:中国青少年社会与情感能力测评分报告之四[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2021, 39(9): 77-92.
Zhifang Shao, Zhi Liu, Shuyu Yang, Zhongjing Huang. Open-mindedness: Report on the Study on Social and Emotional Skills of Chinese Adolescence (IV)[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2021, 39(9): 77-92.
表 1
苏州市学生开放能力3项子能力得分的平均数和标准差(M±SD)"
子能力 | 10岁组 | 15岁组 | |||||
学生自评 | 家长评定 | 教师评定 | 学生自评 | 家长评定 | 教师评定 | ||
包容度 | 641.96±109.62 | 575.40±87.74 | 2.25±0.80 | 614.28±91.94 | 564.03±75.99 | 2.30±0.68 | |
好奇心 | 643.88±100.30 | 605.95±89.87 | 2.73±0.79 | 575.99±77.32 | 587.72±82.32 | 2.69±0.63 | |
创造性 | 635.94±111.41 | 582.70±88.80 | 2.45±0.82 | 567.38±87.18 | 568.42±80.49 | 2.49±0.66 |
表 2
开放能力与其他子能力的相关系数"
10岁组 | 15岁组 | |||||||
包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | |||
开放能力 | 包容度 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
好奇心 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 0.58 | 1.00 | ||||
创造性 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 1.00 | ||
任务能力 | 责任感 | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.47 | |
毅力 | 0.53 | 0.69 | 0.59 | 0.44 | 0.65 | 0.53 | ||
自控力 | 0.49 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.39 | ||
情绪调节 | 抗压力 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.37 | 0.39 | |
乐观 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.47 | ||
情绪控制 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.41 | ||
协作能力 | 共情 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.52 | |
信任 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.34 | ||
合作 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.51 | 0.58 | 0.49 | ||
交往能力 | 乐群 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.46 | |
果敢 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.40 | ||
活力 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.54 |
表 7a
背景变量对开放能力的回归分析结果(10岁组)"
个体因素 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | ||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
女生 | 0.00 | 3.79 | <0.01 | ?0.00 | ?4.62 | <0.01 | ?0.01 | ?18.68 | <0.01 | ||
年龄(月) | 0.46 | 88.05 | <0.01 | 0.46 | 98.09 | <0.01 | 0.38 | 73.04 | <0.01 | ||
父母最高学历 | 0.01 | 4.53 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 7.21 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 16.98 | <0.01 | ||
家庭拥有物 | 0.45 | 77.28 | <0.01 | 0.49 | 93.31 | <0.01 | 0.47 | 82.14 | <0.01 | ||
家庭设备 | 0.01 | 2.44 | 0.02 | ?0.03 | ?12.19 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 8.38 | <0.01 | ||
家庭藏书量 | 0.07 | 36.51 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 36.23 | <0.01 | 0.09 | 48.62 | <0.01 |
表 7b
背景变量对开放能力的回归分析结果(15岁组)"
个体因素 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | ||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
女生 | 0.01 | 15.19 | <0.01 | ?0.02 | ?19.99 | <0.01 | ?0.03 | ?34.32 | <0.01 | ||
年龄(月) | 0.61 | 81.58 | <0.01 | 0.66 | 100.44 | <0.01 | 0.51 | 68.91 | <0.01 | ||
父母最高学历 | 0.02 | 6.66 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 8.11 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 10.78 | <0.01 | ||
家庭拥有物 | 0.31 | 37.07 | <0.01 | 0.31 | 42.00 | <0.01 | 0.38 | 45.78 | <0.01 | ||
家庭设备 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 0.37 | ?0.03 | ?8.66 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 7.98 | <0.01 | ||
家庭藏书量 | 0.05 | 20.64 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 26.36 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 26.96 | <0.01 |
表 8a
学生变量对开放能力的回归分析结果(10岁组)"
个体因素 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | ||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
安全感 | 0.23 | 64.98 | <0.01 | 0.31 | 96.54 | <0.01 | 0.25 | 72.94 | <0.01 | ||
朋友关系 | 0.15 | 44.64 | <0.01 | 0.12 | 38.58 | <0.01 | 0.15 | 46.70 | <0.01 | ||
好习惯朋友 | 0.12 | 35.75 | <0.01 | 0.20 | 64.59 | <0.01 | 0.11 | 34.13 | <0.01 | ||
朋友高期望 | ?0.04 | ?11.48 | <0.01 | ?0.05 | ?17.03 | <0.01 | ?0.03 | ?8.46 | <0.01 | ||
社会关系广泛 | 0.02 | 5.21 | <0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | ?0.02 | ?5.81 | <0.01 | ||
室内活动时间 | 0.02 | 6.25 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 10.86 | <0.01 | ?0.01 | ?1.98 | 0.05 | ||
上网时间 | ?0.04 | ?10.35 | <0.01 | ?0.09 | ?26.81 | <0.01 | ?0.04 | ?10.97 | <0.01 | ||
室外活动时间 | 0.05 | 15.09 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 19.38 | <0.01 | 0.08 | 21.97 | <0.01 | ||
成长型思维 | 0.07 | 21.67 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 14.59 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 24.05 | <0.01 |
表 8b
学生变量对开放能力的回归分析结果(15岁组)"
个体因素 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | ||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
安全感 | 0.16 | 33.59 | <0.01 | 0.30 | 65.53 | <0.01 | 0.22 | 46.05 | <0.01 | ||
朋友关系 | 0.13 | 22.60 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 21.73 | <0.01 | 0.14 | 29.72 | <0.01 | ||
好习惯朋友 | 0.11 | 23.53 | <0.01 | 0.13 | 28.94 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 13.91 | <0.01 | ||
朋友高期望 | ?0.09 | ?21.03 | <0.01 | ?0.06 | ?14.29 | <0.01 | ?0.04 | ?8.45 | <0.01 | ||
社会关系广泛 | 0.10 | 21.76 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 14.12 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 14.22 | <0.01 | ||
室内活动时间 | 0.02 | 4.16 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 8.54 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.46 | 0.65 | ||
上网时间 | ?0.06 | ?11.96 | <0.01 | ?0.14 | ?28.52 | <0.01 | ?0.04 | ?7.00 | <0.01 | ||
室外活动时间 | 0.07 | 13.50 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 14.47 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 12.85 | <0.01 | ||
成长型思维 | 0.13 | 30.28 | <0.01 | 0.14 | 33.96 | <0.01 | 0.14 | 33.61 | <0.01 |
表 9a
教师变量对开放能力的回归分析结果(10岁组)"
教师因素 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | ||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
教龄(总) | 0.01 | 14.42 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 19.35 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 13.64 | <0.01 | ||
教师学历 | 0.10 | 15.43 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 12.89 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 9.65 | <0.01 | ||
培训机会 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 0.54 | ?0.00 | ?1.11 | 0.27 | ?0.01 | ?7.13 | <0.01 | ||
培训频率 | 0.01 | 3.82 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 9.72 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 5.36 | <0.01 | ||
师生关系 | 0.12 | 59.69 | <0.01 | 0.14 | 75.76 | <0.01 | 0.11 | 54.70 | <0.01 | ||
教师高期望 | 0.02 | 8.74 | <0.01 | 0.00 | 1.26 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 6.54 | <0.01 |
表 9b
教师变量对开放能力的回归分析结果(15岁组)"
教师因素 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | ||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
教龄(总) | ?0.00 | ?3.77 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 5.86 | <0.01 | 0.00 | 2.59 | 0.01 | ||
教师学历 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 5.75 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 2.63 | 0.01 | ||
培训机会 | ?0.00 | ?1.67 | 0.09 | ?0.01 | ?2.87 | <0.01 | 0.00 | 1.02 | 0.31 | ||
培训频率 | ?0.01 | ?3.09 | <0.01 | ?0.00 | ?2.35 | 0.02 | ?0.01 | ?3.30 | <0.01 | ||
师生关系 | 0.14 | 41.87 | <0.01 | 0.15 | 51.86 | <0.01 | 0.13 | 39.35 | <0.01 | ||
教师高期望 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 0.40 | ?0.01 | ?4.79 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 11.19 | <0.01 |
表 10a
学校变量对开放能力的回归分析结果(10岁组)"
学校因素 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | ||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
学校归属感 | 0.34 | 90.35 | <0.01 | 0.35 | 107.79 | <0.01 | 0.34 | 91.67 | <0.01 | ||
学校合作氛围 | 0.09 | 41.04 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 53.51 | <0.01 | 0.08 | 39.19 | <0.01 | ||
学校竞争氛围 | 0.02 | 14.02 | <0.01 | 0.00 | 3.16 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 12.14 | <0.01 | ||
校园欺凌 | 0.01 | 9.38 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 8.02 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 21.05 | <0.01 | ||
校外活动 | 0.08 | 28.91 | <0.01 | 0.09 | 38.81 | <0.01 | 0.11 | 41.40 | <0.01 |
表 10b
学校变量对开放能力的回归分析结果(15岁组)"
学校因素 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | ||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
学校归属感 | 0.24 | 54.86 | <0.01 | 0.27 | 72.50 | <0.01 | 0.24 | 55.53 | <0.01 | ||
学校合作氛围 | 0.08 | 25.55 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 22.94 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 22.32 | <0.01 | ||
学校竞争氛围 | 0.03 | 12.75 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 22.91 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 14.65 | <0.01 | ||
校园欺凌 | 0.01 | 6.36 | <0.01 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 6.62 | <0.01 | ||
校外活动 | 0.05 | 16.46 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 24.73 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 23.40 | <0.01 |
表 11a
家庭变量对开放能力的回归分析结果(10岁组)"
教养方式 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | ||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
理解型母亲 | 0.06 | 28.23 | <0.01 | 0.09 | 47.16 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 30.13 | <0.01 | ||
惩罚型母亲 | 0.03 | 19.22 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 21.96 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 17.52 | <0.01 | ||
理解型父亲 | 0.06 | 33.44 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 33.42 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 34.24 | <0.01 | ||
惩罚型父亲 | ?0.01 | ?6.90 | <0.01 | ?0.01 | ?6.36 | <0.01 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.89 | ||
亲子问题 | ?0.04 | ?29.76 | <0.01 | ?0.07 | ?53.71 | <0.01 | ?0.04 | ?29.86 | <0.01 | ||
家长高期望 | 0.09 | 38.53 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 50.26 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 29.90 | <0.01 |
表 11b
家庭变量对开放能力的回归分析结果(15岁组)"
教养方式 | 包容度 | 好奇心 | 创造性 | ||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
理解型母亲 | 0.04 | 15.01 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 17.50 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 2.20 | 0.03 | ||
惩罚型母亲 | 0.00 | 0.51 | 0.61 | ?0.01 | ?7.04 | <0.01 | ?0.01 | ?2.02 | 0.04 | ||
理解型父亲 | 0.06 | 24.75 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 36.36 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 29.36 | <0.01 | ||
惩罚型父亲 | ?0.00 | ?1.12 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 14.12 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 13.11 | <0.01 | ||
亲子问题 | ?0.05 | ?18.17 | <0.01 | ?0.07 | ?33.07 | <0.01 | ?0.04 | ?16.78 | <0.01 | ||
家长高期望 | 0.07 | 23.18 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 25.53 | <0.01 | 0.08 | 25.60 | <0.01 |
表 12a
开放能力对生活结果变量的回归分析结果(10岁组)"
语文成绩 | 数学成绩 | 艺术成绩 | |||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
包容度 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 1.61 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.58 | ||
好奇心 | 0.28 | 27.30 | <0.01 | 0.31 | 30.59 | <0.01 | 0.27 | 29.78 | <0.01 | ||
创造性 | 0.07 | 8.27 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 2.23 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1.81 | 0.07 | ||
教育期望 | 全球意识 | 健康 | |||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
包容度 | 0.05 | 8.32 | <0.01 | 0.19 | 38.61 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 8.99 | <0.01 | ||
好奇心 | 0.04 | 5.61 | <0.01 | 0.11 | 20.51 | <0.01 | 0.24 | 36.61 | <0.01 | ||
创造性 | 0.06 | 10.43 | <0.01 | 0.20 | 41.31 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 11.07 | <0.01 | ||
幸福感 | 满意度 | 考试焦虑 | |||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
包容度 | 0.08 | 13.22 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 2.29 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.47 | 0.14 | ||
好奇心 | 0.48 | 74.22 | <0.01 | 0.47 | 64.39 | <0.01 | ?0.42 | ?38.94 | <0.01 | ||
创造性 | 0.21 | 36.91 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 5.84 | <0.01 | ?0.31 | ?32.93 | <0.01 | ||
亲近家人 | 亲近他人 | ||||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | ||||||
包容度 | 0.07 | 13.46 | <0.01 | 0.12 | 15.86 | <0.01 | |||||
好奇心 | 0.24 | 40.51 | <0.01 | 0.31 | 37.23 | <0.01 | |||||
创造性 | 0.04 | 8.54 | <0.01 | 0.11 | 15.11 | <0.01 |
表 12b
开放能力对生活结果变量的回归分析结果(15岁组)"
语文成绩 | 数学成绩 | 艺术成绩 | |||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
包容度 | 0.07 | 4.74 | <0.01 | ?0.10 | ?6.33 | <0.01 | ?0.02 | ?1.08 | 0.28 | ||
好奇心 | 0.12 | 6.69 | <0.01 | 0.38 | 20.49 | <0.01 | 0.23 | 14.41 | <0.01 | ||
创造性 | ?0.02 | ?1.05 | 0.29 | ?0.08 | ?4.99 | <0.01 | ?0.08 | ?5.52 | <0.01 | ||
教育期望 | 全球意识 | 健康 | |||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
包容度 | 0.09 | 14.45 | <0.01 | 0.19 | 29.09 | <0.01 | 0.11 | 10.60 | <0.01 | ||
好奇心 | 0.12 | 16.55 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 8.56 | <0.01 | 0.23 | 17.53 | <0.01 | ||
创造性 | ?0.05 | ?7.19 | <0.01 | 0.17 | 24.48 | <0.01 | 0.15 | 13.61 | <0.01 | ||
幸福感 | 满意度 | 考试焦虑 | |||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | |||
包容度 | 0.05 | 4.25 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 8.17 | <0.01 | 0.12 | 9.63 | <0.01 | ||
好奇心 | 0.63 | 47.76 | <0.01 | 0.56 | 39.97 | <0.01 | ?0.21 | ?14.29 | <0.01 | ||
创造性 | 0.26 | 23.21 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 5.26 | <0.01 | ?0.34 | ?27.61 | <0.01 | ||
亲近家人 | 亲近他人 | ||||||||||
系数 | t | P | 系数 | t | P | ||||||
包容度 | 0.07 | 7.11 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 8.07 | <0.01 | |||||
好奇心 | 0.31 | 27.47 | <0.01 | 0.32 | 22.87 | <0.01 | |||||
创造性 | ?0.01 | ?1.40 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 12.16 | <0.01 |
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