大科学时代全球科学家的国际流动——基于Web of Science期刊论文的分析

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2025.08.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大科学时代全球科学家流动呈现新景观。基于科学网（Web of Science）中精选文献的内容，对大科学与全球科学家流动关系、全球科学家流动特征及其影响因素进行概要分析。大科学与全球科学家流动之间存在双向作用关系。一方面大科学强化了全球科学治理，促进了科学家跨国流动速度，通过建构全球知识网络，拓展了全球科学家流动空间；另一方面，科学家流动促进了科学研究的效率和质量。全球科学家流动呈现时间维度、空间维度和人际网络维度特点，其影响因素包括拉力因素、推力因素、个人因素以及中间障碍因素。

关键词: 大科学, 全球科学家, 人才流动, 国际研究

Abstract:

In the era of Big Science, the global mobility of scientists has taken on new landscapes. Through a content analysis of selected literature from the Web of Science (WoS), this study provides a synthesized examination of the relationship between Big Science and global scientific mobility, the characteristics of scientists’ global mobility, and its influencing factors. The interplay between Big Science and global scientific mobility is bidirectional: on the one hand, Big Science reinforces global science governance, accelerates the transnational movement of scientists, and expands the spatial scope of mobility by fostering global knowledge networks; on the other hand, scientific mobility enhances research efficiency and quality. Global scientific mobility exhibits distinct characteristics across three dimensions––temporal, spatial, and interpersonal networks. The factors shaping this mobility include pull factors, push factors, personal factors, and intervening obstacles.

Key words: Big Science, global scientists, talent mobility, international research

李梅, 阮文洁. 大科学时代全球科学家的国际流动——基于Web of Science期刊论文的分析[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2025, 43(8): 51-65.

Mei Li, Wenjie Ruan. Global Mobility of Scientists in the Era of Big Science：A Content Analysis on the Selected Articles in Web of Sciences’ Journals[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2025, 43(8): 51-65.

图/表 2

表 1

表 2

主要文献与内容分布"

文献分类		内容分布
基于大规模的数据集	大规模调查数据（6篇）	美国有关科学和工程学术研究人员全国性调查（Melkers & Kiopa, 2010; Veugelers, 2010）、欧洲国家高等教育机构国际化的微观数据集（Lepori et al., 2015）和项目调查（Cañibano et al., 2020)、《2022“理想之城”全球高水平科学家分析报告》调研（上海市科学学研究所, 2022）、《2023财年H-1B专业职业工作者特征报告》（U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 2024）
	出版物数据库（16篇）	WoS数据库为主（Sugimoto et al., 2017; Ferreira et al., 2021; Vega-Muñoz et al., 2021; Söderström, 2023）
		Scopus数据库为主（Cao et al., 2020; Aman, 2020; Paraskevopoulos et al., 2021; Liu & Hu, 2022; Aman, 2022; 温馨 & 康海霞, 2022; Kwiek, 2023）
		Medline数据库为主（Verginer & Riccaboni, 2020; Verginer & Riccaboni, 2021）
		其他数据库为主（Dubois et al., 2014; Börner et al., 2021; Ferrer-Serrano et al., 2021）
	官方机构数据（6篇）	教职人员聘用网络数据（He et al., 2019）、意大利学术系统（Abramo et al., 2019）、俄罗斯科学与高等教育部联合监测（Vasilyeva et al., 2022）、比利时弗拉芒区大学（Seeber et al., 2023）、ORCID公开数据集和世界银行（Ren et al., 2024）、诺贝尔奖官方网站（Gao et al., 2024）
基于履历与问卷	学者职业历史数据为主（6篇）	生命科学家（Azoulay et al., 2017）、俄罗斯国家研究型高等经济大学研究人员（Kotsemir et al., 2022）、中国千人计划（Liu et al., 2023）、诺贝尔奖获得者（侯纯光等，2024; 侯纯光等，2025）、全球高被引科学家（邓侨侨, 2014）
基于履历与问卷	问卷调查为主（6篇）	葡萄牙三个不同学科领域科学家（Fontes et al., 2013）、日本生物科学教授（Lawson & Shibayama, 2015）、基于GlobSci调查数据（Scellato et al., 2015; Stephan et al., 2016）、国家科研团队（Franzoni et al., 2018; Van Holm et al., 2019）
基于概念、理论建构	理论建构为主（5篇）	迁移推拉理论（Lee, 1966）、科学生产共同体与社会结构（Gläser, 2006）、科学活动中心形成的历史地理基础理论框架（孙俊等, 2011）、移民动因理论（章雅荻，余潇枫, 2020）、智力迁移概念（Li et al., 2023）
基于概念、理论建构	批判性理论分析为主（5篇）	多元知识体系建构（Santos, 2007）、高等教育空间建构（Marginson, 2022b）、全球科学发展的四种主导叙事（Marginson, 2022c）、对于世界体系理论的批判（Marginson & Xu, 2023）数据和理论的历史综合解释方法（Marginson, 2022a）
基于综述性和解释性文章	文献综述与政策分析性评论为主（12篇）	国际大科学计划与大科学工程研究（Meyer & Schroeder, 2015; 梁思琪, 2022）、科学家流动评论（Wolinsky, 2009; Larner, 2015; Costa & Sengupta, 2021）、科学家跨国流动的多维意义（Hunter, 2013; Netz et al., 2020）、欧洲研究区科学项目资金与支持管理（De Almeida Pereira, 2016）、科学移民政策与法律法规（Yurevich et al., 2019; Davletgildeev & Tsygankova, 2020; Piccoli et al., 2023）、多国视角下的学术流动性（Carlson & Martin-Rovet, 1995）
基于综述性和解释性文章	访谈为主（3篇）	青年千人计划学者的半结构访谈（Li et al., 2018）、俄罗斯和欧洲青年学者的焦点小组访谈（Deriglazova, 2019）、美国国际学生和博士后访谈（Gewin, 2020）
基于官方报道与信息（8篇）		欧盟委员会（European Commission, 2021; 2024; 2025）、美国公共广播电台报道（Stein, 2025; Stone et al., 2025）、美国国务院网站信息（U.S. Department of State, 2011）、德国联邦政府信息（Die Bundesregierung, 2023）、欧洲核子研究中心ATLAS项目报告（CERN, 2019）

表 2

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序号	纳入标准
1	研究对象是全球科学家为代表的高层次人才
2	研究文献类型是学术期刊文章、学位论文、政策报告、会议论文、书籍章节、国际报道
3	研究主题是大科学与全球科学家流动
4	研究偏向定量、定性、混合方法
5	研究内容是有效解释有关大科学与科学家流动关系的表述
6	文献获取途径可获取全文

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