教育精准扶贫：“一村一园”计划乐都十周年效果评估

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.07.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“治贫先治愚”是脱贫攻坚战的长远之计。为了促进贫困地区儿童健康发展，探索阻断贫困代际传递的有效途径，2009年，中国发展研究基金会在青海省海东地委、行署的支持下，在乐都县开展了贫困地区儿童早期发展项目，包括山村幼儿园和营养包两个项目。其中山村幼儿园项目随着规模的不断扩大、质量的不断提升、当地政府的大力推广，2016年提升为“一村一园”计划。“一村一园”计划实施10年来，已建成了村一级学前教育服务体系，显著提升了贫困地区学前教育3年毛入园率。至2019年底，乐都区学前3年毛入园率已超过98%。10年间，乐都有8705名儿童从山村幼儿园毕业进入义务教育阶段，受益家庭超过5400户。山村幼儿园保障了全县近30%的贫困农村学生，总人均成本仅为县级公立园的1/6—1/8。至2019年底，“一村一园”计划已在我国11个中西部省份的33个县广泛实施，在园儿童超过80000人，累计受益人数超过210000人。“一村一园”计划的质量和效果也比较理想，受益儿童的发展水平、心理特质、智力与学习能力等方面普遍好于未上幼儿园的儿童和乡镇幼儿园儿童，有些方面接近县级公立园。无论从受益面、成本效益、教育效果、社会影响等方面看，“一村一园”计划是教育精准扶贫的优秀项目，体现了社会公正的基本公共服务价值取向。

关键词: 教育精准扶贫, 一村一园, 儿童发展, 教育质量

Abstract:

To cure poverty first, to cure foolishness is a long-term strategy in the battle against poverty. In order to promote the development of children in poverty-stricken areas and explore effective ways to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty, China Development Research Foundation (CDRF), with the support of local governments and Administration Bureau, carried out an early childhood development project for children in poverty-stricken areas in Ledu County in 2009, including two projects of one village one preschool and nutrition package. With the continuous expansion of scale, improvement of quality and vigorous promotion by the local government, the one village one preschool project was scaling-up in 2016. Over the past 10 years since the implementation of the “One Village One Preschool project” program, a village-level preschool education service system has been put in place, significantly increasing the three-year gross enrollment rate of preschool education in poor areas. By the end of 2019, the three-year gross enrollment rate of preschool schools in Ledu District had exceeded 98 percent. Over the past 10 years, 8705 children in Ledu have graduated from mountain kindergartens and entered the compulsory education stage, benefiting more than 5400 families. The mountain village kindergartens have guaranteed nearly 30% of the poor rural students in the county, and the total per capita cost is only 1/6—1/8 of that of county-level public kindergartens. By the end of 2019, the “One Village One Preschool” program had been widely implemented in 33 counties in 11 central and western provinces, with more than 80000 children enrolled and more than 210000 people benefiting from it. The quality and effect of the "One Village One Preschool" program are ideal and practical. The development level, psychological characteristics, intelligence and learning ability of the children who benefit from the program are generally better than those who do not go to kindergartens and children in towns and villages, and some aspects are close to those in county-level public kindergartens. In terms of benefits, cost effectiveness, educational effect and social impact, the “One Village One Preschool” plan is an excellent project of targeted poverty alleviation through education, which embodies the basic public service value orientation of social justice.

Key words: Targeted poverty alleviation through education, One Village One Preschool, Child development, education quality

中国发展研究基金会“一村一园”计划课题组. 教育精准扶贫：“一村一园”计划乐都十周年效果评估[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2021, 39(7): 107-126.

Program China Development Research Foundation “One Village One Preschool”. Targeted Poverty Alleviation in Education: Effect Evaluation of the 10th Anniversary of Ledu “One Village One Preschool” Program[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2021, 39(7): 107-126.

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性别	男	女
性别	565（52%）	521（48%）
民族	少数民族	汉族
民族	397（37%）	689（63%）
留守儿童	是	否
留守儿童	424（39%）	662（61%）
	平均值	标准差	最大值	最小值
年龄	4.36	0.95	7	2
理解性词汇	19.93	12.75	89	1
表达性词汇	33.57	16.63	88	1
认知发展	12.29	6.80	28	1
社会情感发展	8.70	4.31	17	1
动作发展	5.62	1.54	7	1
语言和读写发展	11.73	5.67	30	1
健康卫生与安全	8.80	2.69	11	0
文化意识与参与	6.13	2.29	16	0
学习品质	3.43	2.24	7	1
执行功能	18.31	17.03	60	0
儿童发展总分	75.50	35.07	153	1

	儿童人数	平均年龄	男孩比例	少数民族儿童比例	留守儿童比例
县级公立园	210	4.21	50.95%	43.33%	14.29%
山村幼儿园	492	4.45	52.85%	33.74%	54.47%
县级私立园	72	4.31	52.78%	33.97%	36.54%
乡镇幼儿园	312	4.34	51.28%	47.22%	16.67%

	贫困	单亲	贫困+单亲	仅留守
留守	7.00%	9.21%	1.75%	29.83%
非留守	7.72%	2.03%	0.31%	—

	贫困	单亲	贫困+单亲	仅留守
留守	11.42%	13.77%	3.40%	41.04%
非留守	10.49%	1.04%	0.62%	—

	县级公立园	山村幼儿园	县级私立园	乡镇幼儿园
样本数量（人）	35	84	12	51
教师年龄（岁）	29	30	26	27
教师教龄（年）	7.2	8.9	6.1	4.4
学前教育教龄（年）	6.9	7.6	6.1	4.1
工资（元）	2782	2319	2250	2000
教师效能感得分	168.1	163.5	160.2	158.1