有志者，事竟成——学生意志力对认知能力的异质性影响

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2022.08.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

根据OECD对社会与情感能力的划分，意志力是一种重要的任务能力。意志力对个体发展的影响具有全面性和持久性。研究基于中国教育追踪调查数据，使用多元线性回归和广义倾向得分匹配模型，发现意志力对学生的认知能力具有显著的积极影响。分位数回归与交互模型进一步显示，意志力对认知能力的积极效应存在个体和群体层面的异质性：对于自身认知能力较低的学生、所在班级平均家庭社会经济地位或平均学业水平越低的学生，培养意志力更有助于提高他们的认知能力。研究发现为学校加强意志力等任务型能力培养提供了经验证据，有助于从教育公平的视角探讨意志力培养的价值，同时也对当前的学生评价改革具有启示意义。

关键词: 意志力, 社会与情感能力, 认知能力, 异质性, 教育公平

Abstract:

According to the measurement framework of social and emotional skills proposed by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, willpower is an essential task performance skill. Willpower has comprehensive and lasting effects on individual’s development. Based on the China Education Panel Survey data, using OLS and GPSM model, this study finds that students’ willpower has significant positive effects on cognitive abilities. Quantile regression and interacting model further show the positive effects of willpower on cognition are heterogeneous at both individual and group levels. For students with lower cognitive abilities, or students in a class with lower average family socioeconomic status or academic abilities, improving willpower can develop cognitive abilities better. These findings provide schools with empirical evidence about strengthening cultivation of willpower and other task performance skills. They promote the value of willpower from the perspective of educational equity and have enlightening significance for current student evaluation reform.

Key words: willpower, social and emotional skills, cognitive abilities, heterogeneity, educational equity

郑磊, 孙钰. 有志者，事竟成——学生意志力对认知能力的异质性影响[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2022, 40(8): 83-95.

Lei Zheng, Yu Sun. Where there is a Will, there is a Way: Heterogeneous Effects of Students’ Willpower on Cognitive Abilities[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2022, 40(8): 83-95.

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参考文献 0

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变量	N	均值	标准差	最小值	最大值
被解释变量
认知能力（第二期）	9366	0.30	0.83	?3.14	2.06
解释变量
意志力	9402	0	1	?2.81	1.12
控制变量
性别（男生=1）	9278	0.52	0.50	0	1
年龄(岁)	9234	12.83	0.75	11	18
户籍（城市=1）	6986	0.36	0.48	0	1
健康状况	9442	4.18	0.86	1	5
是否独生子女（是=1）	9447	0.45	0.50	0	1
认知能力（基期）	9449	0.03	0.87	?2.03	2.33
家庭经济条件	9425	2.81	0.60	1	5
家长受教育年限	9429	10.92	3.05	0	19
家长职业地位（高职业地位=1）	8975	0.26	0.44	0	1
家长政治身份（党员或民主党派=1）	8962	0.12	0.33	0	1
教师最高学历	8273	15.95	0.42	14.33	19
教师教龄	8237	15.29	5.91	1.33	31
教师职称	8273	2.59	0.77	0	4
学校性质	9449	0.94	0.24	0	1
学校初中部在本县（区）档次	9363	3.95	0.83	1	5
班级平均家庭社会经济地位	9449	46.55	9.97	27.58	72.75
班级在全年级的排名	9303	3.33	0.97	1	5

变量	模型1		模型2		模型3
意志力	0.087^***	(0.008)	0.082^***	(0.009)	0.083^***	(0.009)
性别（男生=1）	?0.033^**	(0.016)	?0.027	(0.017)	?0.033^*	(0.018)
年龄（岁）	?0.127^***	(0.012)	?0.122^***	(0.012)	?0.122^***	(0.013)
户籍（城市=1）	0.095^***	(0.019)	0.027	(0.021)	0.068^***	(0.023)
健康状况	?0.000	(0.010)	?0.010	(0.010)	?0.011	(0.010)
是否独生子女（是=1）	0.055^***	(0.018)	0.016	(0.019)	0.014	(0.020)
认知能力（基期）	0.442^***	(0.010)	0.424^***	(0.010)	0.419^***	(0.011)
家庭经济条件			0.047^***	(0.015)	0.037^**	(0.016)
家长受教育年限			0.033^***	(0.004)	0.029^***	(0.004)
家长职业地位（高职业地位=1）			?0.035	(0.023)	?0.046^*	(0.024)
家长政治身份（党员或民主党派=1）			?0.039	(0.026)	?0.041	(0.028)
教师最高学历					?0.018	(0.023)
教师教龄					?0.001	(0.002)
教师职称					0.023	(0.017)
学校性质					?0.070	(0.046)
学校初中部在本县（区）档次					0.007	(0.011)
常数项	1.910^***	(0.155)	1.458^***	(0.173)	1.802^***	(0.412)
R²	0.310		0.318		0.325
N	6650		6192		5472

变量
性别（男生=1）	?0.196^***	(0.034)
年龄（岁）	?0.091^***	(0.024)
户籍（城市=1）	?0.048	(0.045)
健康状况	0.077^***	(0.020)
是否独生子女（是=1）	0.086^**	(0.039)
认知能力（基期）	0.114^***	(0.022)
家庭经济条件	?0.013	(0.030)
家长受教育年限	0.006	(0.008)
家长职业地位（高职业地位=1）	0.045	(0.048)
家长政治身份（党员或民主党派=1）	?0.067	(0.056)
教师最高学历	?0.020	(0.038)
教师教龄	?0.001	(0.004)
教师职称	?0.001	(0.031)
学校性质	?0.109^***	(0.033)
学校初中部在本县（区）档次	0.081^***	(0.020)
常数项	1.813^***	(0.420)
N	5507
AIC	0.903

解释变量	q=0.1	q=0.2	q=0.3	q=0.4	q=0.5	q=0.6	q=0.7	q=0.8	q=0.9
控制变量	已控制	已控制	已控制	已控制	已控制	已控制	已控制	已控制	已控制
意志力	0.105^***	0.078^***	0.083^***	0.088^***	0.090^***	0.076^***	0.060^***	0.050^***	0.057^***
意志力	?0.016	?0.011	?0.008	?0.009	?0.009	?0.015	?0.013	?0.012	?0.01
Pseudo R²	0.257	0.246	0.221	0.188	0.168	0.157	0.142	0.14	0.137
N	5472	5472	5472	5472	5472	5472	5472	5472	5472

变量	模型1		模型 2
意志力	0.259^***	(0.042)	0.159^***	(0.032)
班级平均家庭社会经济地位	0.012^***	(0.001)
意志力*班级平均家庭社会经济地位	?0.004^***	(0.001)
班级在全年级的排名			0.064^***	(0.009)
意志力*班级在全年级的排名			?0.023^**	(0.009)
性别（男生=1）	?0.027	(0.017)	?0.027	(0.018)
年龄（岁）	?0.113^***	(0.013)	?0.118^***	(0.013)
户籍（城市=1）	0.016	(0.023)	0.075^***	(0.023)
健康状况	?0.019^*	(0.010)	?0.011	(0.020)
是否独生子女（是=1）	?0.003	(0.020)	0.011	(0.020)
认知能力（基期）	0.410^***	(0.011)	0.413^***	(0.011)
家庭经济条件	0.019	(0.016)	0.040^**	(0.016)
家长受教育年限	0.020^***	(0.004)	0.030^***	(0.004)
家长职业地位（高职业地位=1）	?0.067^***	(0.024)	?0.054^**	(0.024)
家长政治身份（党员或民主党派=1）	?0.050^*	(0.027)	?0.041	(0.028)
教师最高学历	?0.047^**	(0.023)	?0.031	(0.023)
教师教龄	?0.001	(0.002)	?0.002	(0.002)
教师职称	?0.002	(0.017)	0.012	(0.017)
学校性质	?0.080^*	(0.046)	?0.052	(0.046)
学校初中部在本县（区）档次	?0.029^**	(0.012)	0.012	(0.011)
常数项	2.008^***	(0.409)	1.727^***	(0.411)
R²	0.337		0.335
N	5472		5388