中国人文社会科学核心期刊华东师范大学学报(教育科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (2): 93-111.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2026.02.006
鲍威1,2, 周晨3, 徐长虹2
出版日期:2026-02-01
发布日期:2026-01-26
基金资助:Wei Bao1,2, Chen Zhou3, Changhong Xu2
Online:2026-02-01
Published:2026-01-26
摘要:
在高层次创新人才培养战略与就业竞争持续加剧的双重背景下,读研已成为中国青年群体的重要教育选择。高等教育就读年限的延长不仅是学习生涯的纵向延伸,也对个体生命历程的建构产生深远影响,在引发“教育-就业-婚育”时序挤压的同时或将加速我国人口少子化进程。本文基于全国大学生追踪调查数据,实证考察了研究生教育选择对大学生未来婚育意愿的冲击。研究发现,研究生教育选择显著抑制大学生的婚姻意愿、推迟预期初婚年龄、降低生育意愿及预期生育子女数量,且对女性和低收入家庭背景群体的抑制效应尤为显著。研究拓展了教育与婚育关系研究的理论视角,为未来高等教育制度与人口政策的协同变革提供了经验依据。
鲍威, 周晨, 徐长虹. 研究生教育选择对大学生未来婚育意愿的影响研究[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2026, 44(2): 93-111.
Wei Bao, Chen Zhou, Changhong Xu. The Impact of Graduate Education Choices on College Students’ Future Marriage and Fertility Intentions[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educationa, 2026, 44(2): 93-111.
表 1
变量及其操作化定义"
| 类型 | 名称 | 指标 | 操作化 | 均值 | 标准差 |
| 因变量 | 婚姻 意愿 | 婚姻意愿 | 有=1,无=0 | 0.832 | 0.374 |
| 预期初婚年龄 | 有序分类变量,预期初婚年龄分为22岁及以下、23—25岁、 26—29岁和30岁及以上4个区间 | 3.036 | 0.569 | ||
| 生育 意愿 | 生育意愿 | 有=1,无=0 | 0.763 | 0.425 | |
| 预期生育子女数 | 计数型变量,预期生育的子女数量 | 1.100 | 0.795 | ||
| 自变量 | 研究生 教育选择 | 本科毕业后 是否读研 | 读研=1(包括国内读研和海外留学),就业=0 (包括就业和创业) | 0.418 | 0.493 |
| 控制 变量 | 个体 特征 | 性别 | 女性=1,男性=0 | 0.438 | 0.496 |
| 家庭社会经济地位 | 家庭经济收入 | 连续变量,学生家庭年收入(万元),对数化处理 | 15.912 | 18.112 | |
| 职业预期 | 保留工资 | 连续变量,学生毕业后可接受的最低起薪(万元), 对数化处理 | 0.763 | 0.928 | |
| 外部压力感知 | 求职压力感知 | 对于未来求职难度的主观认知:低压力=1,中等压力=2, 高压力=3 | 2.554 | 0.541 | |
| 生育成本感知 | 对于生育成本压力的主观认知:低压力=1,中等压力=2, 高压力=3 | 2.689 | 0.493 | ||
| 学科 特征 | 专业门类 | 人文、社会科学、理学、工学4大门类(虚拟变量, 以人文类为基准项) | ---- | ---- |
表 3
研究生教育选择对生育意愿和预期生育子女数的影响效应估计"
| 变量 | 生育意愿 (二元logit回归) | 预期生育子女数 (泊松回归) |
| 读研 | −0.108** | −0.040*** |
| (0.051) | (0.015) | |
| 保留工资 (对数化) | −0.169*** | −0.010 |
| (0.047) | (0.014) | |
| 生育成本感知 | −0.636*** | −0.172*** |
| (0.059) | (0.014) | |
| 女性 | −0.811*** | −0.252*** |
| (0.058) | (0.016) | |
| 专业固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 |
| 常数项 | 3.177*** | 0.664*** |
| (0.184) | (0.044) | |
| Pseudo R² | 0.044 | 0.012 |
| Chi-square | 377.73*** | 480.87*** |
| N |
表 5
PSM匹配的平衡性检验"
| 变量 | 样本 | 平均值 | 偏差 (%) | 偏差减幅(%) | t值 | p>|t| | |
| 处理组 | 对照组 | ||||||
| 女性 | 匹配前 | 0.573 | 0.555 | 3.6 | 1.73* | 0.084 | |
| 匹配后 | 0.573 | 0.570 | 0.6 | 82.2 | 0.28 | 0.776 | |
| 家庭经济收入 (对数化) | 匹配前 | 2.516 | 2.175 | 37.1 | 17.77*** | 0.000 | |
| 匹配后 | 2.516 | 2.489 | 2.9 | 92.2 | 1.27 | 0.203 | |
| 求职压力感知 | 匹配前 | 2.602 | 2.519 | 15.5 | 7.36*** | 0.000 | |
| 匹配后 | 2.602 | 2.599 | 0.6 | 96.0 | 0.28 | 0.779 | |
| 专业门类:社科类 | 匹配前 | 0.344 | 0.368 | −5.1 | −2.42** | 0.015 | |
| 匹配后 | 0.344 | 0.340 | 0.7 | 85.5 | 0.33 | 0.743 | |
| 专业门类:理学类 | 匹配前 | 0.074 | 0.055 | 8.0 | 3.86*** | 0.000 | |
| 匹配后 | 0.074 | 0.071 | 1.3 | 84.3 | 0.53 | 0.598 | |
| 专业门类:工学类 | 匹配前 | 0.448 | 0.417 | 6.1 | 2.92*** | 0.003 | |
| 匹配后 | 0.448 | 0.455 | −1.5 | 75.6 | −0.66 | 0.511 | |
表 6
研究生教育选择对未来婚育意愿的影响:PSM估计结果"
| ⑴婚姻意愿 | ⑵预期初婚年龄 | ⑶生育意愿 | ⑷预期生育子女数 | |||||
| 核匹配 | 半径匹配 | 核匹配 | 半径匹配 | 核匹配 | 半径匹配 | 核匹配 | 半径匹配 | |
| ATT | −0.038*** | −0.039*** | 0.119*** | 0.118*** | −0.016* | −0.015* | −0.039** | −0.037** |
| 标准误 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.017 | 0.017 |
| t值 | −4.63 | −4.72 | 8.90 | 8.90 | −1.68 | −1.64 | −2.26 | −2.16 |
| 匹配成功的样本数 | ||||||||
| 样本总数 | ||||||||
表 7
研究生教育选择对不同家庭经济收入背景大学生婚姻意愿的异质性影响"
| 变量 | ⑴婚姻意愿 | ⑵预期初婚年龄 | |||||
| 低收入家庭 | 中等收入家庭 | 高收入家庭 | 低收入家庭 | 中等收入家庭 | 高收入家庭 | ||
| 读研 | −0.293*** | −0.287*** | 0.018 | 0.433*** | 0.480*** | 0.199 | |
| (0.085) | (0.081) | (0.251) | (0.069) | (0.076) | (0.246) | ||
| 女性 | −0.582*** | −0.425*** | −0.321 | −0.196** | −0.047 | 0.351 | |
| (0.092) | (0.089) | (0.262) | (0.076) | (0.080) | (0.252) | ||
| 求职压力感知 | −0.093 | −0.334*** | 0.116 | 0.116* | −0.061 | −0.106 | |
| (0.075) | (0.079) | (0.224) | (0.067) | (0.070) | (0.220) | ||
| 专业固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | |
| 常数项 | 2.294*** | 2.490*** | 1.269* | — | — | — | |
| (0.235) | (0.241) | (0.679) | — | — | — | ||
| Pseudo R² | 0.017 | 0.019 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.007 | |
| Chi-square | 68.04*** | 76.57*** | 2.01 | 56.39*** | 45.96*** | 3.54 | |
| N | 432 | 347 | |||||
表 8
研究生教育选择对不同职业收入预期大学生生育意愿的异质性影响"
| 变量 | ⑴生育意愿 | ⑵预期生育子女数 | |||||
| 低水平 保留工资 | 中等水平 保留工资 | 高水平 保留工资 | 低水平 保留工资 | 中等水平 保留工资 | 高水平 保留工资 | ||
| 读研 | −0.186** | −0.042 | −0.025 | −0.051** | −0.021 | −0.037 | |
| (0.075) | (0.092) | (0.111) | (0.022) | (0.027) | (0.033) | ||
| 女性 | −0.743*** | −0.874*** | −0.857*** | −0.221*** | −0.281*** | −0.285*** | |
| (0.086) | (0.106) | (0.117) | (0.022) | (0.029) | (0.039) | ||
| 生育成本感知 | −0.664*** | −0.563*** | −0.668*** | −0.196*** | −0.119*** | −0.181*** | |
| (0.082) | (0.111) | (0.134) | (0.019) | (0.026) | (0.031) | ||
| 专业固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | |
| 常数项 | 3.457*** | 2.907*** | 3.202*** | 0.723*** | 0.488*** | 0.748*** | |
| (0.255) | (0.351) | (0.401) | (0.059) | (0.087) | (0.098) | ||
| Pseudo R² | 0.039 | 0.051 | 0.050 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 0.014 | |
| Chi-square | 164.71*** | 131.61*** | 94.77*** | 240.63*** | 152.91*** | 102.15*** | |
| N | 1958 | 1958 | |||||
表 9
研究生教育选择对不同性别大学生未来婚育意愿的异质性影响"
| 变量 | ⑴婚姻意愿 | ⑵预期初婚年龄 | ⑶生育意愿 | ⑷预期生育子女数 | |||||||
| 男性 | 女性 | 男性 | 女性 | 男性 | 女性 | 男性 | 女性 | ||||
| 读研 | −0.348*** | −0.238*** | 0.437*** | 0.468*** | 0.008 | −0.162** | −0.018 | −0.058** | |||
| (0.097) | (0.071) | (0.073) | (0.069) | (0.089) | (0.063) | (0.020) | (0.023) | ||||
| 家庭经济收入(对数化) | −0.097* | −0.096** | −0.039 | 0.085** | — | — | — | — | |||
| (0.052) | (0.038) | (0.042) | (0.038) | ||||||||
| 求职压力感知 | −0.225*** | −0.173** | 0.020 | 0.043 | — | — | — | — | |||
| (0.086) | (0.067) | (0.071) | (0.067) | ||||||||
| 保留工资 (对数化) | — | — | — | — | −0.133* | −0.196*** | 0.010 | −0.046* | |||
| (0.071) | (0.065) | (0.017) | (0.025) | ||||||||
| 生育成本感知 | — | — | — | — | −0.354*** | −0.804*** | −0.129*** | −0.223*** | |||
| (0.093) | (0.074) | (0.019) | (0.020) | ||||||||
| 专业固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | |||
| 常数项 | 2.347*** | 2.062*** | — | — | 1.988*** | 2.920*** | 0.524*** | 0.542*** | |||
| (0.289) | (0.211) | — | — | (0.285) | (0.220) | (0.069) | (0.060) | ||||
| Pseudo R² | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.026 | 0.003 | 0.006 | |||
| Chi-square | 45.04*** | 34.20*** | 45.94*** | 64.78*** | 44.12*** | 149.15*** | 57.15*** | 150.87*** | |||
| N | |||||||||||
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