数字鸿沟的演变：从网络接入到心智投入——基于疫情期间大学生在线学习的调查

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.07.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

数字鸿沟最初是描述不同社会经济背景群体信息技术渗透率的差异，近年来其判定标准逐渐从外部的网络接入演变为内在的心智投入。基于上海39所高校64949名本科生样本的研究发现，“旧数字鸿沟”接近弥合，仅户籍在农村或乡镇的学生新买电脑或开通宽带的行为显著高于城市生源。“新数字鸿沟”更为突出: 女生在线上学习时看小说或玩游戏等娱乐行为显著高于男生；家庭第一代大学生线上学习的专注力与持久度均显著低于非第一代大学生；农村生源在全部6项指标上都面临比城市生源更严峻的挑战。通过回归模型控制其他变量之后，网络接入对本科生在线学习效果的自我评价影响甚微；但“新数字鸿沟”使用偏好与投入程度各项指标对在线学习效果的影响都显著，效应值也相对较大。

关键词: 数字鸿沟, 在线学习, 学习投入, 教育公平

Abstract:

The original operational definition of digital divide is the difference in information technology penetration rate among subgroups by social economic background. The recent evolving trend of digital divide is the gradual shift in its primary criteria from the external access to internal engagement. Based on a large sample of 64,949 undergraduates from 39 universities in Shanghai, the current study found that the original digital divide nearly closes, for only the students living in villages or towns purchased more laptops or broadband services than urban students during Covid-19. The new digital divide, however, deserves more attention. Female students more frequently read novels or play games during online courses than males. First-generation college students are more difficult to focus and engage in online learning than second-generation college students. Rural students face more challenges in all above-mentioned six dimensions. After controlling other variables in regression models, the internet access has little impact on the self-evaluation of online learning outcomes, while the usage preference and learning engagement measured as the new digital divide are statistically significant and have relatively larger effect sizes.

Key words: Digital divide, Online learning, Learning engagement, Education equality

郭娇. 数字鸿沟的演变：从网络接入到心智投入——基于疫情期间大学生在线学习的调查[J]. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版), 2021, 39(7): 16-26.

Jiao Guo. The Evolution of Digital divide: from Access to Engagement——Based on the Undergraduate Online Learning Survey during Covid-19[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Educational Sciences), 2021, 39(7): 16-26.

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维度	变量	均值
维度	变量	女（N=39757）	男（N=25192）	农村生源（N=11872）	城市生源（N=53077）	家庭第一代大学生（N=33362）	非第一代大学生（N=31587）
网络接入	新买设备	0.36	0.39	0.43	0.36	0.39	0.35
网络接入	开通宽带	0.10	0.15	0.16	0.11	0.13	0.11
使用行为	课上娱乐	2.99	2.95	3.04	2.96	3.01	2.94
使用行为	课下阅读	2.88	2.79	2.68	2.88	2.78	2.92
心智投入	精神集中	2.97	2.93	2.80	2.99	2.88	3.02
心智投入	持续学习	3.15	3.08	2.98	3.16	3.06	3.19

	均值	标准差	新买设备	开通宽带	课上娱乐	课下阅读	精神集中	持续学习	性别	城乡生源
新买设备	0.370	0.483
开通宽带	0.118	0.323	0.223^***
课上娱乐	2.975	0.957	?0.021^***	?0.006
课下阅读	2.847	1.030	?0.046^***	?0.027^***	?0.145^***
精神集中	2.954	1.003	?0.027^***	?0.026^***	?0.437^***	0.172^***
持续学习	3.127	1.014	?0.040^***	?0.032^***	?0.428^***	0.209^***	0.580^***
性别（女=1）	0.612	0.487	?0.025^***	?0.066^***	0.022^***	0.046^***	0.016^***	0.037^***
生源（农村=1）	0.183	0.386	0.061^***	0.056^***	0.035^***	?0.076^***	?0.069^***	?0.068^***	?0.046^***
父母学历（家庭第一代大学生=1）	0.486	0.500	0.034^***	0.030^***	0.038^***	?0.072^***	?0.068^***	?0.068^***	?0.051^***	0.350^***

变量	不同学生群体
变量	女（N=39757）	男（N=25192）	农村（N=11872）	城市（N=53077）	家庭第一代大学生（N=33362）	非第一代大学生（N=31587）
在线学习效果	3.11	3.00	2.94	3.09	3.00	3.12
与在线学习效果的相关系数	性别（女=1）：0.058^***		户籍（农村=1）：?0.066^***		父母学历（家庭第一代大学生=1）：?0.070^***

变量	网络接入		使用行为		心智投入
变量	新买设备	开通宽带	课上娱乐	课下阅读	精神集中	持续学习
性别（女=1）	?0.026^***	?0.063^***	0.034^***	0.025^***	?0.003	0.021^***
农村生源	0.058^***	0.049^***	0.022^***	?0.055^***	?0.045^***	?0.046^***
家庭第一代大学生	0.012^**	0.009^*	0.033^***	?0.046^***	?0.056^***	?0.050^***
年级	?0.033^***	?0.002	?0.093^***	0.050^***	0.075^***	0.062^***
“双一流”建设高校	?0.076^***	?0.012^**	0.060^***	?0.009^*	?0.039^***	?0.031^***
社会科学	?0.036^***	?0.036^***	0.047^***	?0.031^***	?0.036^***	?0.037^***
理工农医	?0.043^***	?0.018^***	0.055^***	?0.064^***	?0.072^***	?0.055^***
df	64941	64941	64941	64941	64941	64941
R²	0.012	0.008	0.017	0.014	0.018	0.014
调整后R²	0.012	0.008	0.017	0.014	0.018	0.014
F值	115.9	75.2	157.5	134.7	166.8	135.9

	变量	回归模型1	回归模型2	回归模型3	回归模型4
个人背景变量	性别（女=1）	0.040^***	0.035^***	0.039^***	0.038^***
	农村生源	?0.042^***	?0.029^***	?0.012^**	?0.012^***
	家庭第一代大学生	?0.052^***	?0.050^***	?0.033^***	?0.019^***
	年级	0.073^***	0.030^***	?0.003	0.023
	“双一流”建设高校	?0.035^**	?0.012^**	?0.006^*	?0.009^*
	社会科学	?0.026^***	?0.020^***	?0.002	0.004
	理工农医	?0.059^***	?0.066^***	?0.040^***	?0.015^**
网络接入	新买设备		?0.006	?0.004	0.007^*
网络接入	开通宽带		0.004	0.006	?0.002
使用行为	课上娱乐			?0.262^***	?0.174^***
使用行为	课下阅读			0.189^***	0.144^***
心智投入	精神集中				0.173^***
心智投入	持续学习				0.226^***
df		64941	64939	64937	64935
R²		0.012	0.012	0.128	0.183
调整后R²		0.012	0.012	0.128	0.183
F值		110.2	86.01	866.3	1119